Effects of Trace Amounts of Mn, Zr and Sc on the Recrystallization and Corrosion Resistance of Al-5Mg Alloys
1
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
3
IPEBG, Foxconn Technology Group, Shenzhen 518109, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(8), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080926
Submission received: 10 July 2021
/
Revised: 1 August 2021
/
Accepted: 4 August 2021
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Published: 10 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Alloys Volume II)
Abstract
:This study aimed to explore the effects of trace amounts of Mn, Zr, and Sc on the recrystallization behavior and corrosion resistance of Al-5Mg alloys after process annealing by means of alloy design and microstructure analysis of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), electron microprobe (EPMA), and electron microscopes (TEM and SEM). The main objective was to obtain alloys with better corrosion resistance. The results show that the fine Al3Zr and Al3Sc precipitated particles were both superior to the MnAl6 particles in inhibiting grain and sub-grain boundary migrations. Therefore, the Zr-containing and Sc-containing alloys were better than the Mn-containing alloy in inhibiting recrystallization. For further comparison, the thermal stability of the Al3Sc particles was better than that of the Al3Zr particles, so the Sc-containing alloy at the high temperature above 350 °C inhibited grain growth better than the Zr-containing alloy. During the recovery stage of the alloy in the recrystallization process, the β-Mg2Al3 phase precipitated on the sub-grain boundary, thus reducing the occurrence of intergranular corrosion. However, in the initial stage of recrystallization, the β-Mg2Al3 phase continuously precipitated on the grain boundary, causing obvious intergranular corrosion. For the Sc-containing alloy, because there was no obvious grain growth stage, the β-Mg2Al3 phase continuously precipitated on the grain boundary, and thereby intergranular corrosion occurred. Therefore, its corrosion resistance was greatly reduced. By contrast, for the alloy containing Mn or Zr, because of obvious grain growth, magnesium atoms aggregated. As a result, the β-Mg2Al3 phase discontinuously precipitated on the grain boundary. The corrosion morphology was local pitting corrosion rather than intergranular corrosion, and thus the corrosion resistance of the alloy was enhanced. As a novelty, this study clearly observed the sensitized precipitation and corrosion morphology of the β-Mg2Al3 phase of Al-5Mg alloy under different recrystallization methods. This will be of benefit to the design of anti-corrosion measures for the future manufacturing and application of Al-5Mg alloy.
1. Introduction
The 5000 series aluminum-magnesium alloy with the magnesium atom as the main alloying element is a forged non-heat-treated aluminum alloy with good corrosion resistance and weldability [1]. It has been widely used in ship structures, vehicle skeletons, storage tanks, and other materials [1]. The Al-Mg alloy has good solid solution strengthening and processing strengthening characteristics, and its strength increases with the increasing content of magnesium [1]. The shapes of Al-Mg alloys are mainly produced by cold working (such as H18, H38) in the industry. Because of the high amount of cold working, the β-Mg2Al3 phase of the alloy starts to precipitate along the sub-grain boundary, grain boundary and dislocation with high energy when the working temperature is 40 ~ 50 °C [2,3]. This phenomenon is also called sensitization [3]. The more the magnesium content and the longer the exposure time increase, the higher the density of the phase precipitation becomes [4,5]. Because the potential of the phase corrosion (−1.24 V) is lower than that of the aluminum matrix (−0.87 V) [1], the β-Mg2Al3 phase becomes the sacrificial anode in a corrosive environment and is preferably corroded. When the phase precipitates on the grain boundary more densely and tends to be continuous in the form of a network, the 5000 series Al-Mg alloy, which is originally corrosion resistant, becomes sensitive to the corrosive environment. The precipitated phase on the grain boundary causes serious intergranular corrosion [1,3,6]. In the subsequent storage, transportation, and molding, the alloy is subject to serious loss. Therefore, in the industry, the processed shapes need to be subjected to stabilizing treatment or process annealing [7]. However, the annealing temperature of the process has a significant impact on the recrystallization and corrosion properties. When the process annealing is lower than 350 °C, the corrosion resistance of the alloy will be greatly reduced [7,8]. On the contrary, when the annealing temperature is too high, the recrystallized grains will start to grow abnormally and have an adverse effect on the subsequent formability [9,10]. Methods to achieve the best combination between the corrosion properties and microstructure of the Al-Mg alloy shapes are worthy of research.
In addition, in the new additive manufacturing [11] and welding [12], the heat-affected zone (HAZ) affects the recrystallization behavior of the alloy and the precipitation of β-Mg2Al3 phase. It has become a major research topic. How to improve the new process to obtain stable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is also worthy of research.
Because the partition ratio of either Zr or Sc transition element in the alloy is greater than 1, the peritectic reaction is prone to occur during the casting process, causing these elements to segregate in the grains [1]. During the homogenization heat treatment, dispersed phase grains such as Al3Zr and Al3Sc will be precipitated in the crystal grains. These dispersed phase grains are dense and fine coherent precipitates with high temperature thermal stability [13,14], which can effectively inhibit alloy dislocation and grain boundary migration. Compared with the traditional aluminum alloy with Mn added, a trace amount of Zr or Sc in the aluminum alloy can not only increase the recrystallization temperature of the alloy [1,14], but also significantly inhibit the growth of grains [15,16,17].
In this study, the effects of different recrystallizations on the microstructure and corrosion properties of 5000 series Al-Mg alloys were evaluated by adding trace amounts of Mn, Zr, and Sc after process annealing at different temperatures. This study clearly observed the sensitized precipitation and corrosion morphology of the β-Mg2Al3 phase of Al-5Mg alloy under different recrystallization methods. It is helpful for further understanding the development of alloy corrosion to obtain alloys with excellent corrosion resistance, and for the future application of 5000 series Al-Mg alloys [4,18,19,20].
2. Materials and Methods
After the pure aluminum ingot (99.7%) was melted in a resistance crucible furnace at 750 °C, pure Mg (99.9%), Al-75Mn master alloy, Al-10Zr master alloy, and Al-2Sc master alloy were added as planned. After dissolving and stirring uniformly, it was degassed with argon gas for 20 min, and left to stand for 10 min. After the slag was removed, the solution was cast in a preheated (300 °C) metal mold (size: 125 × 100 × 25 mm3). The OES (spectrometer) analysis showed its composition as listed in Table 1. There were three kinds of alloys tested, which are marked as alloy A(0.1Mn: commercial AA5356), alloy B(0.1Zr), and alloy C(0.05Sc).
After homogenization treatment at 470 °C for 12 h, the cast alloys were hot rolled at 400 °C, then underwent 35% hot working (processed from a thickness of 20 mm to 12.5 mm), annealing treatment at 450 °C for 1 h, and H18 cold rolling processing (processed from a thickness of 12.5 mm to 3 mm). After the processing was completed, the annealing process was carried out at three different temperatures of 250 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C for 1 h respectively to explore the recrystallization of the alloys. Subsequently, a sensitization treatment of 150 °C for 100 h was applied, and then the alloys were immersed in the nitric acid solution (70 Vol.%) at 30 °C for 24 h. Afterwards, the ASTM-G67 nitric acid mass loss test (NAMLT) [3] was utilized to measure the degrees of intergranular corrosion sensitization of the alloys. The size of the G67 test bar is 3 × 6 × 50 mm3.
The polished alloys were anodized with Barker’s reagent and etched with phosphoric acid (40 mL H3PO4 + 60 mL H2O at 35 °C) solution to make metallographic test pieces. An optical microscope (OM, Olympus BX60M, Japan) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, FEI-SEM, Nova NanoSEM 230, USA) were used to observe the crystal grains, β phase distribution and G67 surface morphology of corrosion. An electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD, JEOL JXA-iHP200F, Japan) was utilized to scan the specimens.
Subsequently, the alloy grain size, aspect ratio, and recrystallization ratio were quantitatively analyzed with a MATLAB™ (MathWorks, USA) open source toolbox software MTEX to quantitatively analyze the alloy grain size, aspect ratio, and recrystallization ratio. It is defined here that if the grain boundary angle is greater than 15°, it is regarded as a recrystallized grain. The recrystallization rate is defined as the area fraction occupied by recrystallized grains. When the recrystallization rate reaches 90% it is regarded as complete recrystallization. Aspect ratio is defined as ratio of the minor axis to major axis of the elliptical grain.
The field emission transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL JEM-ARM200FTH, Japan) and the high-resolution field emission electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-iHP200F, Japan) were used to observe and analyze the microstructure and composition of the precipitated phases. The equipment used in this study is as shown in Figure 1.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Observation
3.1.1. Optical Metallographic Observations
The casting microstructure of alloy A(0.1Mn) containing Mn is as shown in Figure 2a. The average grain diameter was about 200 μm. The casting microstructures of alloy B(0.1Zr) containing Zr and alloy C(0.05Sc) containing Sc were similar to that of alloy A(0.1Mn), except that the grains were relatively coarser, about 300 μm and 600 μm in diameter, as shown in Figure 2b and Figure 2c respectively. This result showed that the heterogeneous nucleation produced by manganese and zirconium significantly refined the grains [21]. The microstructure of A(0.1Mn) after H18 cold rolling is as shown in Figure 2(d). It can be observed that after processing, the alloy exhibited a Lamellar rolling structure [22,23]. Its crystal grains were elongated along the rolling direction with fibrous texture. The H18 microstructures of alloy B(0.1Zr) and alloy C(0.05Sc) were not significantly different from that of alloy A(0.1Mn) as shown in Figure 2e and Figure 2f respectively.
3.1.2. Recrystallization Analysis
Alloy A(0.1Mn) began to somewhat recrystallized when the annealing temperature of the process was 250 °C, as shown in Figure 3a. By means of EBSD analysis software, Table 2 shows that the recrystallization rate was 28%. However, most of its grain morphology was a textured crystal structure, so the grain size and aspect ratio could not be effectively calculated. As the annealing temperature reached 350 °C, as shown in Figure 3b, alloy A(0.1Mn) was nearly completely recrystallized, and its recrystallization rate was 88.3%. The grain size and aspect ratio were 243.5 μm2 and 1.44, respectively. When the process annealing temperature rose to 450 °C, as shown in Figure 3c, the grain size increased to 1037.1 μm2 and grew by 325.9%. Apparently, the grains of alloy A(0.1Mn) grew tremendously. The aspect ratio analysis revealed that the aspect ratio rose to 1.56 and its rate of change was 8.3%, indicating that the grain growth was anisotropic growth.
Alloy B(0.1Zr) had no obvious recrystallization when the annealing temperature of the process was 250 °C, which was similar to alloy A(0.1Mn). As shown in Figure 3a, most of its grain morphology was a textured crystal structure, so the grain size and aspect ratio could not be effectively calculated. As the annealing temperature reached 350 °C, as shown in Figure 4a, alloy B(0.1Zr) was partially recrystallized. However, there was still some textured crystal structure. Its recrystallization rate was 67.1%. The grain size and aspect ratio were 221.2 μm2 and 1.61, respectively. When the annealing temperature of the process rose to 450 °C, as shown in Figure 4b, the grain size increased to 1005.3 μm2, and the grain size grew by 354.5%. The result showed that alloy B(0.1Zr) had obvious grain growth, and the growth rate was even higher than that of alloy A(0.1Mn). According to the aspect ratio analysis, it can be seen that the alloy aspect ratio dropped to 1.51. The rate of change was about −6.2%, indicating that the grain growth was isotropic growth. Compared with that of alloy A, the aspect ratio of alloy B increased by 8.3%, which was obviously different. This phenomenon showed that the crystal grains of Zr-added alloy B had better isotropic growth than Mn-added alloy A.
The microstructure of alloy C(0.05Sc) was similar to that of alloy A(0.1Mn) when the process was annealed at 250 °C, as shown in Figure 3a. As the temperature rose to 350 °C, most of its grain morphology was still textured crystal structure, as shown in Figure 4c, which contained a large number of sub-grain boundaries and only a few recrystallized grains. Table 2 shows that the recrystallization rate was only 41.3%, and the recrystallized grain size was 125.9 μm2. When the annealing temperature reached 450 °C, as shown in Figure 4d, alloy C was close to complete recrystallization (~90.5%) without significant grain growth. This phenomenon explained the fact that the grains of alloy C inhibited recrystallization better than those of alloys A and B.
3.2. TEM Precipitation Analysis
Figure 5a shows the TEM image of alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 350 °C, indicating that there was no intermediate phase in the grains to hinder the dislocation migration. As a result, a new grain boundary occurred. Figure 5b shows the Al6Mn mesophase of alloy A annealed at 450 °C. Their size exceeded 200 nm and most of them were distributed on the grain boundary. Thus, it was difficult to hinder the dislocation or sub-grain boundary migration. In other words, Manganese was not a good element to use to inhibit recrystallization.
Figure 5c shows the TEM image of alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 350 °C, indicating that Al3Zr particles were fine (size: 10–20 nm) and densely distributed inside the crystal grains. Al3Zr particles were pinning the newly formed sub-grain boundary (TEM shows as diagonal lines), thereby inhibiting recrystallization. When the annealing temperature rose to 450 °C, as shown in Figure 5d, there were still Al3Zr particles inside the grown crystal grains, entangling the dislocation. However, no Al3Zr particles were found on the grain boundary, because Al3Zr particles began to dissolve on the grain boundary after the annealing temperature exceeded 450 °C [21]. This phenomenon indicated that during the recrystallization stage, Al3Zr particles effectively hindered the dislocation, pinning the sub-grains to postpone recrystallization. However, when the annealing temperature rose above 450 °C, the grain growth occurred, because Al3Zr had dissolved on the grain boundary and could not suppress the grain growth.
Figure 5e is the TEM image of alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 350 °C, indicating that Al3Sc particles were pinning the sub-grain boundary, thus hindering recrystallization. When the annealing temperature rose to 450 °C, Al3Sc particles were still found on the grain boundary of the recrystallized grains, as shown in Figure 5f. This phenomenon indicated that when the alloy started to recrystallize, the Al3Sc particles persisted in pinning the sub-grain, thereby postponing recrystallization. Even when the annealing temperature of the process rose and grain growth was going to occur, Al3Sc particles were still pinning the grain boundary, restricting grain growth. Therefore, in both Figure 3 and Figure 5, it can be found that alloy C(0.05Sc) not only inhibited recrystallization but was also the only alloy with no obvious grain growth among the three kinds of alloys.
3.3. Corrosion Pproperties
3.3.1. Surface Morphology
Figure 6 shows the SEM images of the β phase morphology of alloy A(0.1Mn) after sensitization. The β phase morphology of alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 250 °C is as shown in Figure 6a. From the EBSD images in Figure 3, it can be seen that the three kinds of alloys were not recrystallized, so the β phase mainly precipitated on the sub-grain boundary. As the annealing temperature of the alloy A rose to 350 °C, as shown in Figure 6b, the β phase continuously precipitated on the recrystallized grain boundary. When the annealing temperature continued to rise to 450 °C, the recrystallized grains of alloy A began to grow coarser and the β phase began to become discontinuous precipitation on the grain boundary, as shown in Figure 6c. The morphology of the β phase changed from continuous precipitation to discontinuous precipitation, which had a significant effect on the improvement of anti-corrosion properties.
The β phase images of alloy B(0.1Zr) and alloy C(0.05Sc) after being annealed at 250 °C were similar to that of alloy A. As shown in Figure 6a, the β phase mainly precipitated on the sub-grain boundary. Figure 7 shows the SEM β phase images of alloy B(0.1Zr) and alloy C(0.05Sc) after sensitization. As the annealing temperature of the process increased to 350 °C for alloy A, as shown in Figure 7a, the β phase continuously precipitated on the recrystallized grain boundary. When the annealing temperature continued to rise to 450 °C, the recrystallized grains of alloy A began to coarsen. At this time, the β phase began to become discontinuously precipitated on the grain boundary. As shown in Figure 7b, the morphology of the β phase changed from continuous precipitation to discontinuous precipitation, which had a significant effect on the improvement of corrosion resistance.
3.3.2. ASTM G67 NAMLT (Nitric Acid Mass Loss Test)
The results of ASTM G67 mass loss test of Al-Mg alloys are summarized as shown in Table 3. The data show that as long as the alloy were not sensitized, the corrosion mass loss of the alloy at any annealing temperature was far below 15 mg/cm2 without intergranular corrosion sensitivity (ICS, over 25 mg/cm2).
When the annealing temperature of alloy A(0.1Mn) was 350 °C in the process, the alloy began to recrystallize. The corrosion mass loss of the alloy after sensitization was as high as 65.2 mg/cm2. The precipitation morphology of the β-Mg2Al3 phase in Figure 6 shows that the β-Mg2Al3 phase continuously precipitated on the recrystallized grain boundary, which greatly increased the corrosion mass loss. As the annealing temperature rose to 450 °C, recrystallized grains grew. The β-Mg2Al3 phase changed from continuous precipitation to discontinuous precipitation, which reduced the corrosion mass loss of the alloy to 23.0 mg/cm2.
The precipitation images of the β-Mg2Al3 phase in Figure 7 show the results of the G67 mass loss of alloy B(0.1Zr). Its corrosion mass loss trend was the same as that of alloy A(0.1Mn). The corrosion properties were worst at the beginning of recrystallization, but gradually became better as the recrystallized grains grew. Figure 4 and Table 2 show that, because of the excellent ability of Al3Sc phase in alloy C(0.05Sc) to inhibit recrystallization, the recrystallized grains of alloy C(0.05Sc) did not grow when the process was annealed at 350 °C to 450 °C. However, this inhibition of recrystallization caused the β-Mg2Al3 phase of the alloy to continuously precipitate after sensitization, resulting in corrosion mass loss that was higher than the standard of intergranular corrosion sensitivity. Thus we found that when the recrystallized grains of the alloy grew, the corrosion mass loss was effectively reduced.
3.3.3. Corrosion Morphology Analysis
Figure 8 shows the corrosion morphology of the alloy surface. The corrosion images of alloy A(0.1Mn) and alloy B(0.1Zr) that began to recrystallize during the process annealing at 350 °C were mainly intergranular corrosion. Because of severe corrosion damage, the crystal grains obviously peeled off and produced delamination, as shown in Figure 8a,b. As the annealing temperature rose to 450 °C, the corrosion images of alloy A(0.1Mn) and alloy B(0.1Zr) showed mainly pitting corrosion and some intergranular corrosion after the recrystallized grain growth, as shown in Figure 8c,d. However, alloy C(0.05Sc) persisted in the recrystallization stage when the annealing temperature went from 350 °C to 450 °C. Therefore, its corrosion morphology was mainly intergranular corrosion with lamellar spalling, as shown in Figure 9a,b.
Figure 10 shows an enlarged view of the corrosion surface of alloy B(0.1Zr) after sensitization and EPMA mapping. Figure 10a shows the corrosion morphology of alloy B(0.1Zr) with serious laminar spalling after annealing at 350 °C. Figure 10b shows the EPMA mapping of alloy B after sensitization; it can be seen that the Mg element distribution was quite uniform. β-Mg2Al3 phase was widely distributed in the grains and on the grain boundary. Therefore, after the G67 test, the densely and continuously precipitated β-Mg2Al3 phase was completely corroded. As a result, the surface microstructure had severe intergranular corrosion and lamellar spalling. Figure 10c shows the corrosion morphology after annealing at 450 °C. The microstructure shows that there was local pitting corrosion on the corroded grains. The EPMA mapping in Figure 10d shows the Mg clusters. This phenomenon indicated that the β-Mg2Al3 phase of the recrystallized grains aggregated and precipitated discontinuously. As a result, the surface microstructure showed local pitting corrosion.
4. Conclusions
In this study, trace amounts of manganese, zirconium, and scandium were added to of Al-5Mg alloys investigate their effects on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the alloys under different recrystallization processes. The results of the study are summarized as follows:
- After individual process annealing, the high temperature thermally stable dispersed Al3Zr and Al3Sc phases in the boundary matrices of the Al-5Mg alloys inhibited recrystallization and grain growth. Although Al3Zr particles were smaller and denser than Al3Sc particles, the dispersed Al3Sc particle phase was still better than the Al3Zr particle phase in inhibiting the recrystallization and thermal stability.
- In the initial stage of recrystallization of alloy A(0.1Mn) and alloy B(0.1Zr), the ASTM G67 mass losses of the two alloys were the most serious. They had serious susceptibility (larger than 25 mg/cm2) to intergranular corrosion. However, as the temperature of the process annealing rose to 450 °C, the recrystallized grains began to grow, and the G67 susceptibility to intergranular corrosion obviously decreased (less than 25 mg/cm2). By contrast, though alloy C(0.05Sc) could excellently inhibit recrystallization, the ASTM G67 mass loss of alloy C was over 25 mg/cm2, and it became susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
- As the temperature of the process annealing rose, The β-Mg2Al3 phase precipitation images of alloy A(0.1Mn, AA5356) and alloy B(0.1Zr) changed from continuous precipitation to local aggregation. In consequence, the corrosion images of the alloys transformed from intergranular corrosion to local pitting corrosion, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the alloys.
Whether the recrystallization behavior of Al-5Mg alloy was isotropic grain growth or anisotropic grain growth, its β-Mg2Al3 phase precipitation morphology became discontinuous after sensitization. Therefore, the corrosion morphology of the alloy was local pitting, which had better corrosion resistance. However, if the recrystallization of Al-5Mg alloy was inhibited, grain growth would not occur. As a result, after sensitization, its β-Mg2Al3 phase precipitation morphology was continuous, which caused intergranular corrosion and greatly reduced the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Y.-C.C. and S.-L.L.; methodology, S.-L.L.; software, Y.-C.C. and T.-A.P.; validation, S.-L.L.; formal analysis, Y.-C.C. and T.-A.P.; investigation, Y.-C.C.; resources, S.-L.L.; data curation, Y.-C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.-C.C.; writing—review and editing, S.-L.L.; supervision, S.-L.L.; project administration, Y.-C.C.; funding acquisition, M.-C.C. and Y.-C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Ministry of Science and Technology (R.O.C) under Contract No. 109-2221-E-008-040-.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge to C.S. Lin and Y.T. Lee of Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University for FEG-SEM experiments.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Experimental equipment for Al-5Mg alloy.
Figure 2.
OM metallography: (a) metallography of as-cast alloy A(0.1Mn); (b) metallography of as-cast alloy B(0.1Zr); (c) metallography of as-cast alloy C(0.05Sc); (d) metallography of H18 alloy A(0.1Mn); (e) metallography of H18 alloy B(0.1Zr); (f) metallography of H18 alloy C(0.05Sc).
Figure 2.
OM metallography: (a) metallography of as-cast alloy A(0.1Mn); (b) metallography of as-cast alloy B(0.1Zr); (c) metallography of as-cast alloy C(0.05Sc); (d) metallography of H18 alloy A(0.1Mn); (e) metallography of H18 alloy B(0.1Zr); (f) metallography of H18 alloy C(0.05Sc).
Figure 3.
Grain orientation micrographs and the grain boundary angle bar graph under different annealing processes: (a) alloy A annealed at 250 °C; (b) alloy A annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A annealed at 450 °C; (d) IPF (Inverse Pole Figure) coloring map and cross-sectional direction. ND, normal direction; RD, rolling direction.
Figure 3.
Grain orientation micrographs and the grain boundary angle bar graph under different annealing processes: (a) alloy A annealed at 250 °C; (b) alloy A annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A annealed at 450 °C; (d) IPF (Inverse Pole Figure) coloring map and cross-sectional direction. ND, normal direction; RD, rolling direction.
Figure 4.
Grain orientation micrographs and the grain boundary angle bar graph under different annealing processes: (a) alloy B annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B annealed at 450 °C; (c) alloy C annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy C annealed at 450 °C; (e) IPF(Inverse Pole Figure) coloring map and cross-sectional direction. ND, normal direction; RD, rolling direction.
Figure 4.
Grain orientation micrographs and the grain boundary angle bar graph under different annealing processes: (a) alloy B annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B annealed at 450 °C; (c) alloy C annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy C annealed at 450 °C; (e) IPF(Inverse Pole Figure) coloring map and cross-sectional direction. ND, normal direction; RD, rolling direction.
Figure 5.
TEM images of the alloys under different annealing processes: (a) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 350 °C; (b) Al6MN mesophase of alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 450 °C (EDS analysis: Al: 70.0 wt% Mn: 30.4 wt% Mg: 1.1 wt%); (c) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 450 °C; (e) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 350 °C; (f) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 5.
TEM images of the alloys under different annealing processes: (a) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 350 °C; (b) Al6MN mesophase of alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 450 °C (EDS analysis: Al: 70.0 wt% Mn: 30.4 wt% Mg: 1.1 wt%); (c) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 450 °C; (e) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 350 °C; (f) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 6.
Precipitation micrographs of β phase under different sensitization treatments: (a) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 250 °C; (b) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 6.
Precipitation micrographs of β phase under different sensitization treatments: (a) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 250 °C; (b) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A(0.1Mn) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 7.
Precipitation morphology of β phase after sensitization treatment: (a) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 450 °C; (c) alloy C (0.05Sc) annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 7.
Precipitation morphology of β phase after sensitization treatment: (a) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B(0.1Zr) annealed at 450 °C; (c) alloy C (0.05Sc) annealed at 350 °C; (d) alloy C(0.05Sc) annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 8.
SEM morphology of alloy corrosion after sensitization: (a) alloy A annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A annealed at 450 °C; (d) alloy B annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 8.
SEM morphology of alloy corrosion after sensitization: (a) alloy A annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy B annealed at 350 °C; (c) alloy A annealed at 450 °C; (d) alloy B annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 9.
SEM morphology of alloy corrosion after sensitization: (a) alloy C annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy C annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 9.
SEM morphology of alloy corrosion after sensitization: (a) alloy C annealed at 350 °C; (b) alloy C annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 10.
Alloy B(0.1Zr) after sensitization: (a) SEM morphology of localized surface corrosion when annealed at 350 °C; (b) EPMA mapping of Mg element annealed at 350 °C, (c) SEM morphology of localized surface corrosion when annealed at 450 °C, (d) EPMA mapping of Mg element annealed at 450 °C.
Figure 10.
Alloy B(0.1Zr) after sensitization: (a) SEM morphology of localized surface corrosion when annealed at 350 °C; (b) EPMA mapping of Mg element annealed at 350 °C, (c) SEM morphology of localized surface corrosion when annealed at 450 °C, (d) EPMA mapping of Mg element annealed at 450 °C.
Table 1.
Analysis of alloy composition (wt%).
| Com. | Mg | Mn | Zr | Sc | Fe | Si | Al | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alloy | ||||||||
| A(0.1Mn) | 5.22 | 0.09 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.07 | 0.06 | Rem. | |
| B(0.1Zr) | 5.10 | N.D. | 0.11 | N.D. | 0.08 | 0.04 | Rem. | |
| C(0.05Sc) | 5.23 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.03 | Rem. | |
N.D.: Non-detectable; Rem.: Remainder; Com.: Composition.
Table 2.
Recrystallization fraction and microstructures of Al-Mg alloys with various annealing.
| State Alloy | 250 °C | 350 °C | 450 °C | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grain Size (μm2) | Aspect | R.R. | Result | Grain Size (μm2) | Aspect | R.R. | Result | Grain Size (μm2) | Aspect | R.R. | Result | |
| A(0.1Mn) | N.D. | 3.11 | 28% | Reco. | 243.4 | 1.44 | 88.3% | C. Recry | 1034.1 | 1.56 | 91.9% | A. growth |
| B(0.1Zr) | N.D. | 4.50 | 26.5% | Reco. | 221.2 | 1.61 | 67.3% | P. Recry | 1005.3 | 1.51 | 89.4% | I. growth |
| C(0.05Sc) | N.D. | 3.23 | 19.7% | Reco. | 152.9 | 1.64 | 41.3% | P. Recry | 201.2 | 1.55 | 90.8% | C. Recry |
N.D.: Non-detectable; R.R.: Recrystallization rate. Reco.: recovery; P.Recry: partially recrystallized; C.Recry: completely recrystallized; I. growth: isotropic growth; A. growth: anisotropic growth.
Table 3.
ASTM G67 mass loss test of Al-5Mg alloys in annealing and sensitization treatments (mg/cm2).
Table 3.
ASTM G67 mass loss test of Al-5Mg alloys in annealing and sensitization treatments (mg/cm2).
| State Alloy | 250 °C | 350 °C | 450 °C | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealing | Sensitization | ICS * | Annealing | Sensitization after Annealing | ICS | Annealing | Sensitization after Annealing | ICS | |
| A(0.1Mn) | 1.8 (0.2) | 24.9 (0.9) | No | 1.9 (0.3) | 65.2 (2.3) | YES | 1.5 (0.2) | 23.0 (0.8) | NO |
| B(0.1Zr) | 2.8 (0.3) | 22.0 (1.2) | No | 2.3 (0.2) | 50.3 (1.8) | YES | 3.1 (0.3) | 21.5 (1.0) | NO |
| C(0.05Sc) | 3.2 (0.5) | 23.6 (1.1) | No | 3.8 (0.4) | 58.8 (2.2) | YES | 3.4 (0.2) | 59.2 (2.5) | YES |
* ICS: intergranular corrosion sensitivity.
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Lee, S.-L.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Pan, T.-A.; Chen, M.-C. Effects of Trace Amounts of Mn, Zr and Sc on the Recrystallization and Corrosion Resistance of Al-5Mg Alloys. Crystals 2021, 11, 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080926
AMA Style
Lee S-L, Chiu Y-C, Pan T-A, Chen M-C. Effects of Trace Amounts of Mn, Zr and Sc on the Recrystallization and Corrosion Resistance of Al-5Mg Alloys. Crystals. 2021; 11(8):926. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080926
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sheng-Long, Yang-Chun Chiu, Tse-An Pan, and Mien-Chung Chen. 2021. "Effects of Trace Amounts of Mn, Zr and Sc on the Recrystallization and Corrosion Resistance of Al-5Mg Alloys" Crystals 11, no. 8: 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080926
APA StyleLee, S.-L., Chiu, Y.-C., Pan, T.-A., & Chen, M.-C. (2021). Effects of Trace Amounts of Mn, Zr and Sc on the Recrystallization and Corrosion Resistance of Al-5Mg Alloys. Crystals, 11(8), 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080926
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