Application of Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for Electromagnetic-Assistance Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oil Displacement Mechanisms Using Nanoparticles
2.1. Mobility Ratio Improvement
2.2. Interfacial Tension (IFT) Reduction
2.3. Wettability Alteration
2.4. Disjoining Pressure
3. Influence of NPs’ Surface Modification for Nanofluids Stability
4. Metal Oxide NPs for EOR Application
5. Role of Electromagnetic Waves in EOR
5.1. Background on EM Waves Radiation
5.2. Electromagnetic Heating for EOR
5.3. Influence of Nanofluids for EM-Assisted EOR
6. Nanoparticles for EM-Assisted EOR
6.1. Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for EM-Assisted EOR
6.1.1. Ferro-Nanofluids
6.1.2. Cobalt Ferrite Nanofluids
6.1.3. Nickel-Zinc Ferrite Nanofluids (Ni1-xZnxFe2O3)
6.1.4. Lanthanum-Zinc Ferrite (MnZnLaxFe2-xO4)
6.1.5. Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) (Y3Fe5O12)
6.1.6. Fe2O3-Al2O3 Composite Nanofluids
6.1.7. Fe3O4/SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 Composites Nanofluids
6.1.8. Coating Fe3O4 NPs
6.1.9. ZnO and Al2O3 Nanofluids
7. EM-Assisted Oil Recovery Mechanisms
7.1. Electrorheological Effect
7.2. Oil Droplet Deformation
8. Challenges
- Most of the experimental analysis using dielectric and magnetic nanofluids were laboratory-scale analysis, in the sense that they were conducted under ambient temperature and had no practical applicability.
- Field application has shown that direct heating of the reservoir via radio frequency EM heating has been executed with an essential outcome by improving the heavy oils. Such fieldwork was conducted for the first time in 1992 in the USA, Canada, and Russia, despite the limited work in that regard. However, EM-assisted nanofluids remain a great challenge in field application because most of the NPs studied so far cannot withstand the harsh situation of the reservoir. This will lead to a situation whereby EM wave propagation in nanofluids will get disturbed and be worthless.
- Another great challenge has to do with nanofluids responses under the influence of EM waves, which required potential computational techniques that demand numerical simulators that will be used to examine essential and analytical modeling that will provide accurate and perfect calculations concerning the heat disaffection and distribution to the reservoir. However, the success of the work is also accredited to the optimum selection and application of the required frequency and power needed by the experiment.
- The high cost of nanoparticles remains problematic, because a huge amount of NPs is required for oil and gas industrial operation.
9. Future Outlook
- Reservoir conditions need to be taken into consideration while conducting experimental analysis in such a way that the laboratory experiment will comply with the field-scale applications. Consequently, proper selection of NPs that can withstand high temperature and high pressure is highly recommended for future analysis while conducting nanofluids flooding at reservoir temperatures, because most of the NPs are temperature sensitive. In addition to that, more nanofluids flooding experiments are required in an advanced manner, because the laboratory experiment is an output manifestation of the fieldwork.
- One of the significant ways to improve ahead of the existing experiment of the NPs on EOR is by modifying the surface of the particles, as a result of which the NPs’ properties can be altered towards the worthy and eligible standard for a particular analysis. This can be achieved by attaching an appropriate polymer/surfactant to the surface of the NPs. However, there is very limited work on that, despite the reasonable outcome displayed, which was why the influential effect of NPs surface modification concerning EOR is not well known and not fully understood. Moreover, polymers or surfactant coating on the surface of the NPs can provide an advanced level of improvement in the reservoir in different ways, such as improving sweep efficiency, solubility, and stability of the nanofluids, smoothness mobility of the fluids in a porous medium, temperature tolerance, etc., which in turn improve the EOR. The NPs type, size, and concentrations played a significant role in this regard. Furthermore, the proper selection of polymer/surfactant is the most important factor by considering some environmental features like temperature, pressure, salinity, etc. Otherwise, the wrong selection of an appropriate polymer/surfactant can lead to low recovery, and indeed it can be disadvantageous and extremely detrimental to the reservoir rocks, as they can block the reservoir rock pores.
- It is recommended to make further investigations with regards to the theoretical and analytical modeling to make accurate calculations concerning the required heat and frequency that favors the reservoir situation. Moreover, creating proper nanosensors that will be injected in the reservoir is also required which could help in creating optimum, significant, and effective signals to be applied during the exercise for the attainment of appropriate goals of improving oil productivity. It is also a logical and good idea to investigate the possible situation in which the sensors embedded with NPs can be used in that regard.
- The high cost of the NPs issue can be tackled by improving the major sources of forming the particles, thereby creating innovative cheaper raw materials that are cost-effective, electromagnetic field responsive, and environmentally feasible.
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanoparticles (NPs) | NPs Size | Interfacial Tension (IFT) (mN/m) | Porous Media | Fluids | Remark | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clean | With NP | Clean | With NP | ||||||
ZnO | 117.1 | 13.38 | 11.60 | 54 | 50 | Sandstone | Brine | Electromagnetic wave has influenced | [49] |
Fe2O3 | 20–35 | 38.50 | 2.75 | 132 | 103 | Core plugs | Propanol | IFT is the dominant factor | [2] |
Al2O3 | 40 | 38.50 | 2.250 | 131 | 94 | Core plugs | Propanol | performance was satisfactory | [2] |
SiO2 | 10–30 | 38.50 | 1.450 | 134 | 82 | Core plugs | Propanol | SiO2 was treated with silane | [2] |
SiO2 | 40 | 19.20 | 17.50 | 131 | 38 | Quartz plate | Brine | Performance was satisfactory | [51] |
Al2O3 | 17 | 19.20 | 12.80 | 131 | 28 | Quartz plate | Brine | IFT doesn’t reflect in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) | [51] |
TiO2 | 21 | 19.20 | - | 131 | 21 | Quartz plate | Brine | The nanofluids were mixed with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer with significant results. | [51] |
TiO2 | 10–30 | 21.10 | 17.50 | 57 | 46 | Limestone | Brine | Lower adsorption on the surface of limestone was observed. | [44] |
Al2O3 | 40 | 26.5 | 18 | 71 | 61 | Limestone | Brine | The adsorption capacity was law | [44] |
SiO2 | 20 | 26.5 | 17 | 26 | 18 | Limestone | Brine | High adsorption on limestone rock was observed, consequently, EOR was improved better. | [44] |
Ferrite NPs | 200–500 | - | - | 50.44 | 34.14 | Sandstone | Brine | Fluids performed effectively | [58] |
ZrO2 | 40 | 8.46 | 1.85 | 70 | 60 | Carbonate doomite | Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) | Strong water wet was achieved | [56] |
Al2O3 | 20 | 8.46 | 1.65 | 70 | 52 | Carbonate dolomite | CTAB | Strong water wet was achieved | [56] |
ZrO2 | 40 | 9.88 | 2.78 | 92 | 84 | Carbonate | sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) | The NP performed satisfactory | [56] |
Al2O3 | 20 | 9.88 | 2.75 | 92 | 75 | Carbonate | SDS | Al2O3 shows better performance than ZrO2 in all dispersion | [56] |
ZnO/SiO2 | - | 19.68 | 9.45 | 137 | 34 | Carbonate rock | Seawater | Wettability was altered from strong oil-wet to strong water-wet | [59] |
Fe2O4 | 50 | 30 | 17.3 | 145 | 90 | sandstone | Chitosan | Coating NPs is effective to EOR | [55] |
NPs/Fluid Base | Oil Type | Rock Type | Recovery (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO/brine | Heavy Crude oil | Glass parks | 14.8–26.2 | [83] |
Co2+x Fe2+ 1-X Fe23+O4/brine | Heavy oil | Sand parks | 11.63–17.44 | [80] |
Co0.4Fe0.6Fe2O4/brine | Miri Crude oil | Sand parks | 15.83 | [86] |
Ni1-xZnxFe2O3/brine | Crude oil | Glass parks | 26.07 | [87] |
ZnO/brine | Crude oil | Sand park | 9.00–10.40 | [49] |
CoFe2O4/brine | Crude oil | Glass park | 8.70–31.58 | [78] |
Al2O3/brine | Crude oil | Sand park | 13.3–24.1 | [18] |
CuO, NiO/brine | Crude oil | Carbonate | 8.19 & 7.59 for CuO & NiO, respectively | [81] |
SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3/brine | Mineral oil | Sandstone | 8.99--20.42 | [88] |
Fe3O4/SiO2 & TiO2/SiO2/brine | Crude oil | Sand park | 24 & 23 for Fe3O4/SiO2 & TiO2/SiO2, respectively | [89] |
Fe3O4//brine | Crude oil | Glass micromodel | 22 | [90] |
Y3Fe5O12/brine | Heavy oil | Sand parks | 43.64 | [91] |
Fe3O4/SiO2/brine | Crude oil | Glass micromodel | 13.2 | [92] |
Fe2O3- Al2O3 | Heavy oil | Silica beads | 24.25–30.00 | [77] |
Al2O3, Fe2O3 & SiO2 | Crude oil | Core plugs | 92.5, 88.6, and 95.3 for Al2O3, Fe2O3 & SiO2 | [2] |
Nanoparticles | Scope of Study | EM Freq. (MHz) | Outcome | Remark | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO | Determination of fluid viscosity, IFT, contact angle & Nano flooding test. | __ | Zinc oxide Nano flooding performed reasonably to EOR under the irradiation of EM waves at a reservoir temperature (95 °C). | Most of the experiments were conducted under ambient temp. It will be essential to have more studies under reservoir temp. | [49] |
ZnO | Electrorheological effect of ZnO NPs activated by the electric field. | 167 & 18.8 | The viscosity increase was highly dependent on the increment of the applied electric field. | Varying the particle size of the material might influence changes in the fluid viscosity. | [82] |
ZnO | Nano flooding was irradiated with EM waves | 0.001 | 26.2% of the oil was recovered during EM exposure to the fluids, whereas 14.8% was recovered in the absence of EM waves. | The EM wave facilitates ZnO nanofluids; however, other parameters that influenced the EOR mechanism have not been studied. | [83] |
ZnO | Viscosity & IFT test | 18.8 | Viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) were found to have increased with an increase in particle sizes | The crystal size of the material has performed effectively by annealing at different temp. | [46] |
ZnO | Fluids stability and rheological effect using surfactants | __ | Increasing the surfactants led to the increment in the stability of the dispersed nanoparticles. | The presence of EM waves in the fluids has shown an increment to the viscosity. | [113] |
ZnO | IFT, viscosity and wettability under EM waves | __ | The presence of EM waves has improved the IFT reduction, and increased fluid viscosity and wettability alteration. | The optimum frequency to be applied during EM wave irradiation is a matter of concern. | [54] |
ZnO and Al2O3 | IFT and wettability under EM wave irradiation. | __ | IFT was reduced from 13.35 to 8.10 Mn/m for Al2O3 NPs, so the contact angle was equally reduced from 42.76° to 36.01°. | The nanofluids of Al2O3 performed better than those of ZnO nanofluids. | [60] |
ZnO and Al2O3 | IFT | __ | Crystal sizes of the materials have influenced EOR. | It will be essential to investigate the effect of crystal sizes of the materials on viscosity and wettability. | [114] |
ZnO and Al2O3 | Electrorheology | 167 | The particles of the dielectric NPs have revealed a very strong attraction at the high electric field. | Tap water, salt water, and air performed effectively as a dispersion media for conveying NPs to the reservoir when EM waves were applied. | [96] |
ZnO and BiFeO3 | Adsorption capacity of the material. | 8500–12,500 | BiFeO3 nanofluids were observed to be superior in the adsorption capacity, dielectric, and magnetic properties. | BiFeO3 is a very good agent for EOR; hence, more analysis needs to be done by running core flooding analysis, IF, and wettability test. | [108] |
ZnO and Al2O3 | Electrorheology and viscosity | 167 | The viscosity of the nanofluids for both ZnO and Al2O3 has improved when exposed to EM waves | The EM transmitter used in the analysis was observed to have propagated reasonably at an optimum voltage of 1.5 v. | [69] |
ZnO and Al2O3 | Fluids Viscosity, wettability test, and nano flooding | 50 | When the EM wave was exposed to the dielectric nanofluids, more oil was recovered. | Nanofluids of ZnO have shown lower IFT compared to that of Al2O3 nanofluids | [45] |
(CoFe2O4) | Nanofluids flooding analysis | __ | When the EM wave was exposed to the magnetic cobalt ferrite nanofluids, more oil was recovered. | High energy absorbance of the cobalt ferrite NPs leads to reduced oil viscosity, which in turn improves EOR. | [78] |
Co2+xFe2+ 1-X Fe23+O4 | Core flooding test | 78 | The total recovery efficiency was observed to be 17.44% with EM and 11.63% without EM. | The mechanisms that influence the efficiency of the EOR have not been studied. | [80] |
Co0.4Fe0.6Fe2O4 | Sand pack flooding | __ | 15.83% of the residual oil was recovered in the presence of a magnetic field, whereas 7.20% was recovered in the absence of a magnetic field. | The presence of the magnetic field leads to the generation of some resistance to the flowing fluids that consequently increased the viscosity of the ferrofluids. | [86] |
Ni1-xZnxFe2O3 | Core flooding test | __ | 26% was observed to be the highest recovery for EOR at the value of x = 0.5 | More core flooding tests need to be done by varying injection fluids and reservoir rocks. | [87] |
MnZnLaxFe2-XO4 | Wettability and IFT | __ | IFT reduction and wettability alteration was observed. | This material needs to be studied further on EOR by conducting a flooding test. | [100] |
Y3Fe5O12 Y = Yttrium iron garnet | Core flooding | 13.6 | Y3Fe5O12 nanofluids flooding recovered 43.64 % when irradiated with EM waves. | The NPs annealed at a high temp. have shown the best recovery. | [91] |
Y2.8R0.2 Fe5O12 (R = La, Nd, Sm) La = Lanthanum Nd = Neodymium Sm = Samarium | IFT, viscosity and wettability under EM waves | 100 | Wettability was improved in EM exposure to the nanofluids, contrary to IFT and viscosity | Employing material with high-temperature stability will be significant during the prospective analysis. | [101] |
Y3Fe5O12 | IFT, and viscosity under EM waves | __ | IFT reduction and viscosity were improved more when EM waves were applied. | Y3Fe5O12 is a suitable NP that has performed reasonably for EOR. | [102] |
Y3-xNdxFe5O12 Nd = Neodymium | IFT, and viscosity under EM waves | 18.8 | IFT reduction and viscosity were improved more when EM waves were applied. | It will be good to study further by varying the crystal structure of the material. | [103] |
ZnO & Fe2O3 | Core flooding | Good recovery was achieved using a curve antenna with magnetic feeders during nanofluid suspensions. | Electric signal strength using curve antenna with magnetic feeders performed better than the case without magnetic feeders. | [84] | |
Fe2O3–Al2O3 | Nano flooding test | 13.6 | The composite of hematite and magnetic NPs is essential when irradiated with EM waves for EOR. | More investigation is required of the energy activation fluids for the EOR application. | [77] |
Fe3O4/SiO2 & TiO2/SiO2 | Sand pack flooding | __ | Fe3O4/SiO2 & TiO2/SiO2 nanofluids increased oil recovery by 24 and 23%, respectively. | Varying pressure can influence and affect the outcome of the oil recovery. | [89] |
Fe3O4 | Glass micromodel flooding | __ | Coating the surface of the NPs with citric acid improved the IFT and wettability alteration. | If the coated magnetic NPs are stimulated by EM wave radiation, very good results are expected to be discovered. | [90] |
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Hassan, Y.M.; Guan, B.H.; Zaid, H.M.; Hamza, M.F.; Adil, M.; Adam, A.A.; Hastuti, K. Application of Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for Electromagnetic-Assistance Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Crystals 2021, 11, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020106
Hassan YM, Guan BH, Zaid HM, Hamza MF, Adil M, Adam AA, Hastuti K. Application of Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for Electromagnetic-Assistance Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Crystals. 2021; 11(2):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020106
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Yarima Mudassir, Beh Hoe Guan, Hasnah Mohd Zaid, Mohammed Falalu Hamza, Muhammad Adil, Abdullahi Abbas Adam, and Kurnia Hastuti. 2021. "Application of Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for Electromagnetic-Assistance Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review" Crystals 11, no. 2: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020106
APA StyleHassan, Y. M., Guan, B. H., Zaid, H. M., Hamza, M. F., Adil, M., Adam, A. A., & Hastuti, K. (2021). Application of Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofluids for Electromagnetic-Assistance Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Crystals, 11(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020106