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Article

Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activities of Two Copper Coordination Compounds Bearing an N,N’-Dibenzylethylenediamine Ligand

by
Chao Liu
*,
Weiwei Zhang
and
Gaigai Cai
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2020, 10(6), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060528
Submission received: 25 May 2020 / Revised: 14 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 / Published: 21 June 2020
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
Two copper coordination compounds bearing an N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand, namely [Cu3L(CH3COO)6]n (1) and [(CuCl4)∙(C6H5CH2NH2CH2)2] (2) (L = N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine) were synthesized by the ethanol refluxing method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectra (IR), elemental analyses, and single crystal X-ray diffraction were used to characterize and verify their structures. Structural analyses showed that the asymmetric unit of compound (1), composed of two Cu(II) cations, three acetate anions, and half of the ligand, was bridged by one acetate to obtain an infinite 1D chain structure. The analyses further showed that the asymmetric unit of compound (2), composed of two crystallographically independent [C6H5CH2NH2CH2]+ units, four chloride anions, and one central Cu(II) cation is connected into an infinite 2D network structure by the hydrogen bonding interactions. The copper compounds were used to catalyze the decomposition of H2O2, and the results showed that both of the compounds exhibited excellent catalytic activities under optimized conditions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Among transition metal coordination compounds, copper coordination compounds occupy a vital position in organometallic chemistry due to their abundant coordination structures and potential applications in various fields [1,2,3,4,5]. In recent years, the catalytic activities of copper coordination compounds with various organic ligands have attracted extensive attention from chemists [6,7,8,9]. To develop novel and efficient catalysts, copper ions coordinated to a suitable ligand with multiple coordination sites and strong coordination abilities have been assembled into different copper coordination compounds [10,11]. Diamine and its derivatives are an important class of organic compounds with highly flexible N,N-donor atoms that can coordinate to different metal ions, thus producing a variety of mononuclear [12,13,14], binuclear [15,16,17], and polynuclear metal coordination compounds with excellent catalytic activities [18,19,20].
Hydrogen peroxide is a kind of oxidant [21], bleaching agent [22], and disinfectant [23] that is widely used in pharmaceutical, textile and chemical industries. [24,25,26]. As a result of the excessive use of H2O2, local soil and water resources have become severely polluted [27]. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a practical catalytic system for the decomposition of H2O2. Presently, metal oxides, metal salts, and some coordination compounds have been used to catalyze the decomposition reaction of H2O2, and considerable results have been obtained [28,29,30]. In order to better catalyze the decomposition of H2O2, practical and efficient catalytic systems have become a research hotspot for chemical workers [31].
Therefore, the challenge we faced was to determine how to obtain coordination compounds with strong catalytic activities and low environmental pollution potential. With this purpose, we designed and synthesized two novel copper coordination compounds bearing an N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand. Simultaneously, the catalytic activities of the coordination compounds were investigated for the decomposition reaction of H2O2 under mild conditions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Considerations

(NH4)2CuCl4·2H2O and N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine were obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China. Other reagents, such as KMnO4, H2O2, Cu(OAc)2∙H2O, and CuCl2∙2H2O, were obtained from commercial sources and were used as received.
An FTS-40 spectrometer (Bio-Rad, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a KBr pellet was used to collect the FT-IR spectra of the compounds in the 400–4000 cm−1 range. A DX-2600 diffractometer (Dandong, Liaoning, China) with Cu-Kα radiation was employed to obtain powder X-ray diffractions at ambient temperature. A Vario Micro Cube elemental analyzer (Elementar, Frankfurt, Germany) was used to test the elemental analyses of compounds (1) and (2).

2.2. Synthesis of [Cu3L(CH3COO)6]n (1)

An ethanol (30 mL) solution of Cu(OAc)2∙H2O (1.27 g, 2.12 mmol) was added to a 100 mL round-bottom flask with an ethanol (10 mL) solution of N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine (0.50 mL, 2.12 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred and heated at 78 °C for 24 h and the solution color gradually changed from light blue to deep blue. The reaction solvent was evaporated by vacuum distillation and the residue was carefully washed with n-hexane (2 × 5 mL). The resulting solid was extracted with a co-solvent of dichloromethane and ethanol (8 mL, Vdichloromethane/Vethanol = 1/1). The blue crystalline solid of compound (1) was obtained upon standing the resulting solution for 48 h at room temperature in a 64% yield. Melting point: 215.0–216.5 °C. Anal. Calcd. for C28H38Cu3N2O12 (Formula weight = 785.22): C, 42.83; H, 4.88; N, 3.57%; Found: C, 42.64; H, 5.11; N, 3.79%. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3426(s), 3066(w), 2978(m), 2924(s), 2765(s), 2689(m), 2568(m), 2404(m), 1564(s), 1400(s), 1301(w), 1023(m), 908(s), 842(w), 799(m), 744(s), 695(m), 646(s), 504 (w).

2.3. Synthesis of [(CuCl4)∙(C6H5CH2NH2CH2)2] (2)

An ethanol (30 mL) solution of CuCl2∙2H2O (0.72 g, 4.24 mmol) was added to a 100 mL round-bottom flask with an ethanol (10 mL) solution of N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine (1.00 mL, 4.24 mmol). After being added to two drops of diluted hydrochloric acid under stirring, the reaction solution was stirred and heated at 78 °C for 24 h; as a result, the solution color gradually changed from light blue to deep blue. The reaction solvent was evaporated by vacuum distillation and the residue was carefully washed with n-hexane (2 × 5 mL). The resulting solid was extracted with a co-solvent of n-hexane and methanol (12 mL, Vn-hexane/Vmethanol = 1/2). The blue crystalline solid of compound (2) was obtained upon standing the resulting solution for 24 h at room temperature in a 79% yield. Melting point: 189.5–190.5 °C. Anal. Calcd. for C16H22Cl4CuN2 (Formula weight = 447.69): C, 42.92; H, 4.95; N, 6.26%; Found: C, 43.21; H, 5.03; N, 6.06%. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3443(s), 3055(w), 2902(m), 2847(w), 2771(m), 2361(s), 2334(m), 1640(s), 1591(s), 1553(s), 1487(m), 1411(s), 1148(m), 1066 (m), 1023(m), 974(w), 842(w), 739(m), 701(s), 684(m), 631(w).

2.4. X-ray Crystallography

Single crystals with dimensions of 0.10 × 0.12 × 0.14 mm for compound (1) and 0.22 × 0.25 × 0.27 mm for compound (2) were selected for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses on a Bruker APEX-II CCD diffractometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The diffraction data were collected by graphite monochromated Mo-Ka radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 296(2) K. The empirical absorption corrections were performed using the SADABS program. The crystal structures of compounds (1) and (2) were solved by direct methods using the SHELXT program [32] and were refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2 with the SHELXL 2018/3 program [33]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically and the hydrogen atoms were placed in the geometrically idealized positions. The crystallographic data for the compounds are given in Table 1. The selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) of the compounds are summarized in Table S1 in Supplementary Materials.

2.5. Decomposition Reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide

A synthesized compound (1.0 mmol) was added to a 50 mL round-bottom flask with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (5 mL). An aqueous solution of H2O2 (10 mL, 30 wt %) was diluted 2 times with distilled water (10 mL) and carefully injected into the round-bottom flask. The decomposition reaction proceeded at room temperature for 24 h and the solution gradually became slightly turbid. The reaction process was monitored by hydrogen peroxide test paper. In order to measure the decomposition percentage of H2O2 in the presence of the catalyst, the residual H2O2 concentration was titrated by using a standard solution of KMnO4 [34].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Structure Description of [Cu3L(CH3COO)6]n

The asymmetric unit of [Cu3L(CH3COO)6]n contains two Cu(II) cations, three acetate anions, and half of the ligand (Figure 1). The central Cu1 cation has the same coordination geometry as the Cu1 (ii) cation, where Cu1 cation is five-coordinated by five oxygen atoms (O2, O3, O5, O1(ii) and O6(ii)) from five different bridging acetates in an η1 mode. This leads to a square pyramidal CuO5 coordination geometry. The observed geometric parameter τ (0.003) reveals that the Cu1 cation lies in an almost perfect square pyramidal environment. The basal plane of the square pyramidal geometry is defined by four oxygen atoms (O2, O5, O1(ii), and O6(ii)) with Cu1–O bond lengths ranging from 1.976(5) to 1.989(5) Å, while the apical position is occupied by one oxygen atom (O3) from another acetate anion with the Cu1–O3 bond of 2.178(5) Å. The Cu1–O bond lengths of the basal plane were found to be shorter than the apical Cu1–O3 bond length, which indicates that they are more stable than the Cu1–O3 bond. When the bond angles O2–Cu1–O5 of 88.1(2)°, O2–Cu1–O6(ii) of 90.6(2)°, O1(ii)–Cu1–O6(ii) of 89.4(2)°, and O1(ii)–Cu1–O5 of 89.8(2)° were added, the sum equaled 357.9°, nearly equal to 360°, further confirming that the Cu1 cation is in an almost perfect square pyramidal environment. The adjacent Cu(II) cations (Cu1 and Cu1(ii)) are bridged by four acetates in a μ2-η1:η1-bridging coordination mode, forming a paddlewheel dinuclear Cu2(CO2)4 building unit. The nonbonding Cu1…Cu1(ii) distance is 2.6274(16) Å, which is in agreement with those of some similar copper compounds [35,36]. The Cu2 cation is four-coordinated by two nitrogen atoms (N1 and N1(i)) from the N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand in an η2 mode and two oxygen atoms (O4 and O4(i)) from two bridging acetates in η1 mode. This results in a square-planar CuN2O2 coordination geometry. The average bond length of Cu2–O is 1.976(5) and that of Cu2–N is 2.007(5) Å, both of which correspond with the reported values [37,38]. The sums of the bond angles N1–Cu2–N1(i) of 85.1(2)°, O4(i)–Cu2–N1(i) of 94.7(2)°, O4–Cu2–O4(i) of 93.5(2)°, and O4–Cu2–N1 of 94.7(2)° when added up equal 368°, which is unequal to 360°, which confirms that the four-coordinated atoms and Cu2 cation are in an imperfect plane.
As shown in Figure 2, the CuN2O2 unit and the Cu2(CO2)4 unit are bridged by one acetate in a μ2−η1:η1-bridging coordination mode, forming an infinite 1D chain along the a axis. In addition, there are weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the acetate (Table S2). The nitrogen atom (N1) from the ligand acts as an H-donor to the oxygen atom (O5) from one acetate, forming the intramolecular hydrogen bond N1–H1…O5, which further stabilizes the 1D chain structure.

3.2. Structure Description of [(CuCl4)∙(C6H5CH2NH2CH2)2]

Figure 3 shows that the asymmetric unit of [(CuCl4)∙(C6H5CH2NH2CH2)2] consists of four chloride anions, one central Cu(II) cation, and two crystallographically independent [C6H5CH2NH2CH2]+ units. The Cu1 cation is four-coordinated by four chlorine anions (Cl1, Cl2, Cl3, and Cl4) in η1 mode, resulting in a distorted tetrahedral [CuCl4]2− coordination geometry. The four Cu1–Cl bond lengths are 2.2529(7), 2.2199(7), 2.2648(7), and 2.2643(7) Å, respectively, none of which are equal to one another. The bond angles Cl3–Cu1–Cl4 of 91.80(2)°, Cl1–Cu1–Cl4 of 98.22(2)°, Cl1–Cu1–Cl2 of 96.54(2)°, and Cl2–Cu1–Cl3 of 102.21(2)° differ significantly from the standard tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. Both of the bond angles (Cl2–Cu1–Cl4, which is 141.65(2)°, and Cl2–Cu1–Cl4, which is 135.02(2)°) are significantly greater than other Cl–Cu1–Cl bond angles. This indicates that the Cu1(II) cation is in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment. However, the ligand does not coordinate to the Cu(II) cation; instead, it reacts with diluted hydrochloric acid to give its acid salt [H2L]2+. The acid salt [H2L]2+ assumes the role of the counter cation, which can balance the valence charge of the [CuCl4]2− anion. Through the electrostatic interaction between positive and negative ions, the asymmetric unit is further stabilized.
Moreover, there is an abundance of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in compound (2) (Table S2) that benefit the stability of the crystal structure. As shown in Figure 4, the nitrogen atoms from the N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand act as an H-donor to the chlorine atoms from [CuCl4]2- unit, forming the hydrogen bonds N1–H1A…Cl1(iii) of 2.37 Å, N1–H1B…Cl4(iv) of 2.51 Å, and N2–H2B…Cl3(v) of 2.37 Å. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds play an important role in constructing the stable 1D chain structure of compound (2). Another noticeable characteristic of compound (2) is how the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions exist among 1D chains, such as N2–H2A…Cl1(iv) of 2.81 Å and C16–H16B…Cl4(v) of 2.82 Å. Under the weak hydrogen bonding interactions, the 1D chain structure is further connected and extended, resulting in an infinite 2D network structure in Figure 5.

3.3. PXRD Analysis

To verify the phase purities of the crystal samples, PXRD experiments were further carried out on compounds (1) and (2) at room temperature. The simulated and experimental PXRD patterns for compounds (1) and (2) are presented in Figures S1 and S2, respectively. The peaks in the experimental curves matched with those in the simulated curves generated from the single crystal X-ray data, thus confirming that the phase purities of the synthesized compounds are correct. The reflection intensities of the experimental patterns were not in agreement with the corresponding simulated patterns; this may be attributed to the different orientations of the crystal samples during the test. Additionally, the elemental analyses of compounds (1) and (2) support the results of the PXRD experiments.

3.4. Catalytic Activities of the Compounds

Hydrogen peroxide, which has severely polluted local soil and water sources because of its extensive use in production and life, could instead be efficiently decomposed under the catalysis of metal compounds [28,29,30]. To optimize the favorable reaction conditions, such as the pH value and catalyst loading, the decomposition reaction of H2O2 catalyzed by the synthesized compounds was carried out under different conditions. The results are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
Firstly, the decomposition reaction of H2O2 with compound (1) as a catalyst with the pH value of 8 was used as a model reaction to evaluate the effect of the catalyst loading on this reaction. When the catalyst loading was 1.0 mmol, the decomposition rate of H2O2 reached 94% (Entry 3). Although the decomposition reaction may efficiently occur under the catalysis of compound (1) with a catalyst loading range between 1.0 and 1.6 mmol, the decomposition rate remained almost unchanged (Entries 3–5), which implied that an excessive amount of catalyst could not effectively improve the decomposition rate. When the catalyst loading was reduced from 1.0 to 0.4 mmol, the decomposition percentage decreased significantly from 94 to 39% (Entries 1–3). The experimental data revealed that H2O2 could not be fully decomposed with the catalyst loading below 1.0 mmol. In comparison with compound (1), compound (2) exhibited stronger catalytic activities in catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2. Surprisingly, when the loading of compound (2) was 1.0 mmol, the decomposition percentage reached nearly 100% (i.e., 99%) (Entry 8). In addition, regardless of the loading of compound (2) was increased or decreased, the decomposition percentage of H2O2 had the same rule as compound (1) (Entries 6 and 7, 9 and 10). Therefore, the most suitable catalyst loading was 1.0 mmol, and thus was be selected for the following studies. The catalytic activities of the N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand were also explored. As we expected, the residual concentration of H2O2 remained almost constant (Entry 11), which confirmed that the ligand had no catalytic activities in the decomposition reaction. According to the related literature [39], CuCl2∙2H2O and Cu(OAc)2·H2O are also excellent catalysts in the decomposition of H2O2. We found that the decomposition percentages of 84% and 77% were obtained with a catalyst loading of 1.0 mmol, respectively (Entries 12 and 13). The copper metal contents of CuCl2∙2H2O and Cu(OAc)2·H2O were higher than those of the synthesized compounds, and thus may cause more serious environmental damage. The catalytic activities of (NH4)2CuCl4·2H2O were also surveyed (Entry 14), and from this, we found that the decomposition percentage of 81%, which is lower than the 99% of compound (2), proved that the ligand unit in this compound also plays an important role in the catalytic process.
To study the effect of pH levels on the rate of the decomposition of H2O2, we tested the catalytic activities of the coordination compounds with a catalyst loading of 1.0 mmol under different pH conditions. We found that the pH value of the solution had a considerable influence on the catalytic activities of the coordination compounds. Under acidic conditions, the catalytic activities of the coordination compounds were very poor (Entries 1 and 2, 5 and 6), but the catalytic activities strengthened significantly with the increase in pH value. When the solution was weakly alkaline, such as at pH 8, the decomposition percentages of H2O2 reached 94% and 99%,respectively (Entries 4 and 10). The experimental results showed that when the pH value of the solution was higher than 9, the decomposition rate of H2O2 decreased significantly; this may be due to the side reactions between the compounds and the hydroxyl ion. We concluded that the weak alkaline solution with the pH value of 8 is suitable for the decomposition of H2O2.
Considering the decomposition rate and the concepts of green chemistry, compound (2) rather than compound (1) and the copper salts was found to be a more suitable catalyst with a catalyst loading of 1.0 mmol and a pH value of 8 for the decomposition reaction of H2O2.

4. Conclusions

In this study, two copper coordination compounds bearing an N,N’-dibenzylethylenediamine ligand were synthesized. The crystal structure of compound (1) revealed that the Cu1 cation, as well as the Cu1(ii) cation, lies in an almost perfect square pyramidal CuO5 coordination environment and that the Cu2 cation lies in a distorted square planar CuN2O2 coordination geometry. Both the CuN2O2 unit and the Cu2(CO2)4 unit were bridged to generate an infinite 1D chain structure by the bidentate acetate. The crystal structure of compound (2) revealed that the Cu1(II) cation forms a distorted tetrahedral [CuCl4]2− coordination environment. Two [C6H5CH2NH2CH2]+ units and the [CuCl4]2− anion constituted the asymmetric unit of compound (2), which is further connected to an infinite 2D network structure via the hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, examination on their catalytic activities indicated that compounds (1) and (2) with a catalyst loading of 1.0 mmol and a pH value of 8 could efficiently catalyze the decomposition of H2O2. Considering the decomposition rate and the concepts of green chemistry, compound (2) is a more suitable catalyst for the decomposition of H2O2 than compound (1).

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/528/s1: Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) of compounds (1) and (2); Table S2. Hydrogen bonding parameters for compounds (1) and (2); Figure S1. PXRD patterns of compound (1); Figure S2. PXRD patterns of compound (2). CCDC-1988490 for compound (1) and CCDC-1988519 for compound (2).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.L.; methodology, C.L.; investigation, W.Z.; funding acquisition, C.L.; project administration, G.C.; formal analysis, W.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, C.L.; writing—review and editing, C.L. and G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21977001), the Academic Leader Program of Suzhou University (No. 2018XJHB02), and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Anhui Province (No. 201910379079).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Anhui Medical University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials for the characterization of the compounds.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Crystals 10 00528 g001 550
Figure 1. An asymmetric unit of compound (1) (A) and a secondary structure with a paddlewheel Cu2(CO2)4 unit (B) (thermal ellipsoids at 30% probability level). Symmetry codes: (i)1−x,y,3/2−z; (ii)1/2−x,3/2−y,1−z.
Figure 1. An asymmetric unit of compound (1) (A) and a secondary structure with a paddlewheel Cu2(CO2)4 unit (B) (thermal ellipsoids at 30% probability level). Symmetry codes: (i)1−x,y,3/2−z; (ii)1/2−x,3/2−y,1−z.
Crystals 10 00528 g001
Crystals 10 00528 g002 550
Figure 2. The 1D chain structure of compound (1).
Figure 2. The 1D chain structure of compound (1).
Crystals 10 00528 g002
Crystals 10 00528 g003 550
Figure 3. An asymmetric unit of compound (2) (thermal ellipsoids at 30% probability level).
Figure 3. An asymmetric unit of compound (2) (thermal ellipsoids at 30% probability level).
Crystals 10 00528 g003
Crystals 10 00528 g004 550
Figure 4. The 1D chain structure of compound (2). Symmetry codes: (iii) 1−x,-y,1−z; (iv) 1+x,y,z; (v) 1−x,1−y,1−z.
Figure 4. The 1D chain structure of compound (2). Symmetry codes: (iii) 1−x,-y,1−z; (iv) 1+x,y,z; (v) 1−x,1−y,1−z.
Crystals 10 00528 g004
Crystals 10 00528 g005 550
Figure 5. The 2D network structure of compound (2).Symmetry codes: (iii) 1−x,−y,1−z; (iv) 1+x,y,z; (v) 1−x,1−y,1−z.
Figure 5. The 2D network structure of compound (2).Symmetry codes: (iii) 1−x,−y,1−z; (iv) 1+x,y,z; (v) 1−x,1−y,1−z.
Crystals 10 00528 g005
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data for compounds (1) and (2).
Table 1. Crystallographic data for compounds (1) and (2).
Compound(1)(2)
FormulaC28H38Cu3N2O12C16H22Cl4CuN2
Formula weight785.22447.69
Temperature296(2)296(2)
Crystal systemMonoclinicTriclinic
Space groupC2/cPī
a (Å)15.903(13)6.5935(9)
b (Å)16.403(15)11.9953(18)
c (Å)15.679(12)12.4736(17)
α90.0084.199(4)
β96.06(2)88.408(4)
γ90.0077.972(4)
Volume (Å3)4067(6)959.9(2)
Z42
Density (calculated)/(g·cm−3)1.2831.549
μ (mm−1)1.6051.694
F (000)1612458
Reflections collected13,1346888
Unique reflections (Rint)4648 (0.064)3346 (0.040)
Gof1.0261.057
Final R indices [I > 2σ(I)]R1 = 0.0931, wR2 = 0.2708R1 = 0.0300, wR2 = 0.0770
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.1098, wR2 = 0.2899R1 = 0.0322, wR2 = 0.0786
Largest diff. peak and hole (e Å−3)0.96 and −1.130.30 and −0.49
Table
Table 2. The effects of catalyst loading on the decomposition reaction of H2O2.
Table 2. The effects of catalyst loading on the decomposition reaction of H2O2.
EntryCatalystCatalyst Loading (mmol)Decomposition Percent (%)
1compound (1)0.439
2 0.778
3 1.094
4 1.395
5 1.695
6compound (2)0.444
7 0.782
8 1.099
9 1.399
10 1.699
11Ligand1.00
12Cu(OAc)2·H2O1.077
13CuCl2·2H2O1.084
14(NH4)2CuCl4·2H2O1.081
Table
Table 3. The effect of pH on the decomposition reaction of H2O2.
Table 3. The effect of pH on the decomposition reaction of H2O2.
EntryCatalystpHDecomposition Percent (%)
1compound (1)544
2 665
3 781
4 894
5 988
6 1079
7compound (2)551
8 669
9 786
10 899
11 980
12 1061

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, C.; Zhang, W.; Cai, G. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activities of Two Copper Coordination Compounds Bearing an N,N’-Dibenzylethylenediamine Ligand. Crystals 2020, 10, 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060528

AMA Style

Liu C, Zhang W, Cai G. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activities of Two Copper Coordination Compounds Bearing an N,N’-Dibenzylethylenediamine Ligand. Crystals. 2020; 10(6):528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060528

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Chao, Weiwei Zhang, and Gaigai Cai. 2020. "Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activities of Two Copper Coordination Compounds Bearing an N,N’-Dibenzylethylenediamine Ligand" Crystals 10, no. 6: 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060528

APA Style

Liu, C., Zhang, W., & Cai, G. (2020). Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activities of Two Copper Coordination Compounds Bearing an N,N’-Dibenzylethylenediamine Ligand. Crystals, 10(6), 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060528

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