Assessment of the Thermal Properties of Aromatic Esters as Novel Phase Change Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Characterization
2.2.1. Density
2.2.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2.3. Thermal Cycling with EasyMax
2.2.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.2.5. Transient Hot Bridge (THB)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Density
3.2. Phase Change Temperatures
3.3. Phase Change Enthalpies
3.4. Degradation Temperatures
3.5. Thermal Conductivity
3.6. Natural Occurrence and Toxicity
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2,6-DMNDC | Dimethyl-2,6-Naphthalene Dicarboxylate |
AnAc | Anisyl Acetate |
BEB | Benzyl Benzoate |
DBO | Dibenzyl Oxalate |
DiMeOHTe | Dimethyl Terephthalate |
DSC | Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
I | Measuring current [mA] (for Transient Hot Bridge) |
LHS | Latent Heat Storage |
Lit. | Literature |
Me-2-Fu | Methyl-2-Furoate |
Me-2-MeBe | Methyl-2-methoxybenzoate |
MW | Molecular Weight [g/mol] |
NA | Not Available |
PCM | Phase Change Material |
PET | Polyethylene Terephthalate |
PEN | Polyethylene Naphthalate |
PHB | Phenyl Benzoate |
RT | Room Temperature |
SNSF | Swiss National Science Foundation |
Tdegr endset | Endset degradation temperature [C] |
Tdegr onset | Onset degradation temperature [C] |
TES | Thermal Energy Storage |
TGA | Thermogravimetric Analysis |
THB | Transient Hot Bridge |
Tc | Onset crystallization temperature [C] |
Tm | Onset melting temperature [C] |
Greek Symbols | |
ΔH | Gravimetric [J/g], volumetric [J/mL] or molar enthalpy of fusion [kJ/mol] |
Thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)] | |
Density [g/mL] |
Appendix A. DSC curves of AnAc, BEB and Me-2-MeBe
Appendix B. EasyMax Curves of BEB
Appendix C. TGA Curves
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Ester | Structure | Carbon Number | Measuring T ( C) | [g/mL] | lit. [g/mL] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBO | (CO2CH2C6H5)2 | 16 | 90 | 1.22 ± 0.01 | NA |
2,6-DMNDC | C10H6(CO2CH3)2 | 14 | 210 | 1.09 ± 0.01 | NA |
BEB | C6H5COOCH2C6H5 | 14 | RT | 1.12 ± <0.01 | 1.12 (20 C) |
PHB | C6H5CO2C6H5 | 13 | 90 | 1.19 ± 0.01 | NA |
DiMeOHTe | C6H4-1,4-(CO2CH3)2 | 10 | 155 | 1.09 ± 0.01 | NA |
AnAc | CH3CO2CH2C6H4-4-(OCH3) | 9 | RT | 1.11 ± <0.01 | 1.11 (25 C) |
Me-2-MeBe | CH3OC6H4C02CH3 | 9 | RT | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 1.16 (25 C) |
Me-2-Fu | C6H6O3 | 6 | RT | 1.18 ± 0.01 | 1.18 (25 C) |
Ester | Structure | Carbon Number | MW [g/mol] | Tc [Onset, C] | Tm [Onset, C] | Supercooling [C] | H [J/g] | H [kJ/mol] | Volumetric H [J/mL] | Tdegr onset [C] | Tdegr endset [C] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBO | (CO2CH2C6H5)2 | 16 | 270.3 | 50.8 ± 10.6 | 78.5 ± 0.3 | 27.7 ± 10.4 | 131.0 ± 7.0 | 35.4 ± 1.9 | 159.8 ± 8.6 | 175 ± 5 | 530 ± 15 |
2,6-DMNDC | C10H6(CO2CH3)2 | 14 | 244.2 | 177.0 ± 1.2 | 190.2 ± 0.8 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 158.4 ± 3.9 | 38.7 ± 0.9 | 172.7 ± 4.2 | 220 ± 13 | 325 ± 10 |
BEB | C6H5COOCH2C6H5 | 14 | 212.2 | −19.1 * ± 1.6 | 18.1 ** ± 1.2 | 37.2 ± 2.1 | NA | NA | NA | 148 ± 3 | 282 ± 13 |
PHB | C6H5CO2C6H5 | 13 | 198.2 | 19.0 ± 1.4 | 68.3 ± 0.1 | 49.3 ± 1.3 | 102.0 ± 4.5 | 20.2 ± 0.9 | 121.4 ± 5.3 | 143 ± 13 | 273 ± 10 |
DiMeOHTe | C6H4-1,4-(CO2CH3)2 | 10 | 194.2 | 131.4 ± 1.9 | 140.2 ± 0.1 | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 154.6 ± 1.5 | 30.0 ± 0.3 | 168.5 ± 1.6 | 150 ± 5 | 244 ± 5 |
AnAc | CH3CO2CH2C6H4-4-(OCH3) | 9 | 180.2 | NA | −15.7 ** ± 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 123 ± 4 | 237 ± 6 |
Me-2-MeBe | CH3OC6H4C02CH3 | 9 | 166.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 122 ± 3 | 217 ± 8 |
Me-2-Fu | C6H6O3 | 6 | 126.1 | −46.9 ± 1.3 | −3.8 ± 0.3 | 43.1 ± 1.5 | 97.7 ± 5.9 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 115.2 ± 7.0 | 67 ± 21 | 213 ± 49 |
Ester | Structure | Carbon Number | MW [g/mol] | Tm lit. (Chemical Suppliers) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DBO | (CO2CH2C6H5)2 | 16 | 270.3 | 75–78 |
2,6-DMNDC | C10H6(CO2CH3)2 | 14 | 244.2 | 187–193 |
BEB | C6H5COOCH2C6H5 | 14 | 212.2 | 18 |
PHB | C6H5CO2C6H5 | 13 | 198.2 | 71 |
DiMeOHTe | C6H4-1,4-(CO2CH3)2 | 10 | 194.2 | 142 |
AnAc | CH3CO2CH2C6H4-4-(OCH3) | 9 | 180.2 | NA |
Me-2-MeBe | CH3OC6H4C02CH3 | 9 | 166.2 | NA |
Me-2-Fu | C6H6O3 | 6 | 126.1 | NA |
Ester | Structure | Carbon Number | I [mA] | Measuring T [C] | [W/(m·K)] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBO | (CO2CH2C6H5)2 | 16 | 50 | 100 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
2,6-DMNDC | C10H6(CO2CH3)2 | 14 | NA | 210 | NA |
BEB | C6H5COOCH2C6H5 | 14 | 50 | 30 | 0.17 ± 0.01 |
PHB | C6H5CO2C6H5 | 13 | 50 | 90 | 0.17 ± 0.01 |
DiMeOHTe | C6H4-1,4-(CO2CH3)2 | 10 | NA | 160 | NA |
AnAc | CH3CO2CH2C6H4-4-(OCH3) | 9 | 45 | 30 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
Me-2-MeBe | CH3OC6H4CO2CH3 | 9 | 50 | 30 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
Me-2-Fu | C6H6O3 | 6 | 45 | 30 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
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Ravotti, R.; Fellmann, O.; Fischer, L.J.; Worlitschek, J.; Stamatiou, A. Assessment of the Thermal Properties of Aromatic Esters as Novel Phase Change Materials. Crystals 2020, 10, 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100919
Ravotti R, Fellmann O, Fischer LJ, Worlitschek J, Stamatiou A. Assessment of the Thermal Properties of Aromatic Esters as Novel Phase Change Materials. Crystals. 2020; 10(10):919. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100919
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavotti, Rebecca, Oliver Fellmann, Ludger J. Fischer, Jörg Worlitschek, and Anastasia Stamatiou. 2020. "Assessment of the Thermal Properties of Aromatic Esters as Novel Phase Change Materials" Crystals 10, no. 10: 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100919