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Volume 9
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10.3390/catal9050482
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Article

Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Synthesized Kenaf Seed Cake-Based Sulfonated Catalyst

by
Shehu-Ibrahim Akinfalabi
1,
Umer Rashid
1,*,
Thomas Yaw Choong Shean
2,
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
3,4,
Hassen Mohamed Sbihi
3 and
Mohamed Mossad Gewik
3
1
Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
4
Laboratoire de Recherche LR18ES08, Chemistry Department, Science College, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2019, 9(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050482
Submission received: 13 March 2019 / Revised: 28 March 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2019 / Published: 24 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation of Catalysts from Renewable and Waste Materials)
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Abstract

Sulfonated kenaf seed cake (SO3H-KSC) catalyst, was synthesized to aid biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). It was chemically activated with phosphoric acid for an impregnation period of 24 h in order to enhance the porosity and the specific surface area of kenaf seed cake (KSC). After the carbonization and sulfonation, the resultant catalyst was characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SO3H-KSC catalyst was amorphous in nature and had an acid density of 14.32 mmol/g, specific surface area of 365.63 m2/g, pore volume of 0.31 cm3/g and pore diameter of 2.89 nm. At optimum esterification conditions--reaction time 90 mins, temperature of 338 K, methanol:PFAD molar ratio of 10:1 and catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%—a free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of 98.7% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 97.9% was achieved. The synthesized SO3H-KSC catalyst underwent five reaction cycles while maintaining a fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of >90%. Thus, the SO3H-KSC catalyst was shown to be an excellent application of bio-based material as a precursor for catalyst synthesis for esterification of PFAD.
Keywords: kenaf seed cake; sulfonation; esterification; FFA conversion; reusability kenaf seed cake; sulfonation; esterification; FFA conversion; reusability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Akinfalabi, S.-I.; Rashid, U.; Shean, T.Y.C.; Nehdi, I.A.; Sbihi, H.M.; Gewik, M.M. Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Synthesized Kenaf Seed Cake-Based Sulfonated Catalyst. Catalysts 2019, 9, 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050482

AMA Style

Akinfalabi S-I, Rashid U, Shean TYC, Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Gewik MM. Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Synthesized Kenaf Seed Cake-Based Sulfonated Catalyst. Catalysts. 2019; 9(5):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim, Umer Rashid, Thomas Yaw Choong Shean, Imededdine Arbi Nehdi, Hassen Mohamed Sbihi, and Mohamed Mossad Gewik. 2019. "Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Synthesized Kenaf Seed Cake-Based Sulfonated Catalyst" Catalysts 9, no. 5: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050482

APA Style

Akinfalabi, S.-I., Rashid, U., Shean, T. Y. C., Nehdi, I. A., Sbihi, H. M., & Gewik, M. M. (2019). Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Synthesized Kenaf Seed Cake-Based Sulfonated Catalyst. Catalysts, 9(5), 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050482

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