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Article

Titanium and Vanadium Catalysts with 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline and Oxazine Ligands for Ethylene-Norbornene (co)Polymerization

by
Wioletta Ochędzan-Siodłak
1,*,
Dawid Siodłak
1,
Aleksandra Piontek
1 and
Karel Doležal
2,3
1
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
2
Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice CZ-78371, Czech Republic
3
Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Holice CZ-78371, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2019, 9(12), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121041
Submission received: 10 November 2019 / Revised: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 6 December 2019 / Published: 8 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Catalysis in Organic and Polymer Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
A series of titanium and vanadium complexes with oxazoline 2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L1), 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L2), and oxazine 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol (L3) ligands were synthesized, and their structures were determined by NMR and MS methods as (L)2MtCl2. The vanadium complexes were found to be highly active in ethylene (7300 kgPE/(molV·h)) and ethylene/norbornene (5300 kgCop/(molV·h)) (co)polymerization. The polyethylene characteristics were melting temperature (123–142 °C), crystallinity degree (49–75%), molecular weight (5.7–8.5 × 105 g/mol), molecular weight distribution (1.5–2.4). The ethylene-norbornene (E-NB) copolymer characteristics were molecular weight (2.6–0.9 × 105 g/mol), molecular weight distribution (1.6–2.2), glass transition temperature (4–62 °C), norbornene incorporation (12.3–30.1 mol%) at initial concentration (0.5–1.5 mol/L). The microstructure of E-NB copolymers depends on the catalyst applied with the highest diads content for the (L3)2VCl2 and triads for the (L2)2VCl2 complexes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Copolymers of ethylene with norbornene (E-NB) of interest for both science and industry. The best known and most widely produced are the E-NB copolymers APELTM and TOPAS, which are classified to cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs). The characteristic features of COC materials are high transparency, water and gas impermeability, and low density. Furthermore, high ultraviolet transmission makes these copolymers an alternative to quartz glass. The mechanical properties such as high stiffness, endurance, and hardness and chemical non-reactivity such us resistance for acids and bases, insolubility in polar solvent (e.g., alcohols), together with non-toxicity (lack of estrogenic activity), open the possibility of wide applications, including medical apparatus, the pharmaceutical industry, electrical equipment, and packaging. COCs have been used, among others, as packaging foils (heat shrink wrap and labels, twist-type foils, bubble wraps), lenses, vials, cuvettes and microplates, and blister packaging for medicines. It is also possible to use this type of copolymer as a glass substitute in any apparatus using optical phenomena [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. An important feature of the COC materials is possibility to modify them in wide range of physical parameters. One of the methods to do this is to use a designed catalyst that has a direct impact on the molecular structure of copolymer, which in turn affects its properties [1,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. The key factor determining tacticity and distribution of mers in the polymer chain is catalyst symmetry, which depends on the presence of various ligands in the coordination sphere of transition metal [1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Similar to the synthesis of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers with 1-olefins, in particular E-NB copolymers, the catalysts with zirconium [1,6,12,19] and titanium [8,12,20] atoms in the active center are the most often studied. The vanadium catalysts [21,22] are less studied, but they receive interest because it is possible to obtain the E-NB copolymers with high molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and high norbornene incorporation [13,15,16,17,18,23,24,25,26]. In contrast to the zirconium and titanium catalysts, which work best after methylaluminoxane (MAO) activation [1,6,7,8,12,19,20], the vanadium catalysts reveal the best performance when activated by AlEt2Cl in the presence of reactivator, ethyl trichloroacetate (ETA), which prevents reduction of the vanadium atom to lower oxidation states and influences positively termination and re-initiation processes [13,14,15,16,17,18]. A method of stabilizing the vanadium active center, and in consequence, a prolongation of catalyst lifetime, is to apply ligands with electron-donating atoms—oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus [14,15,16,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
Heterocyclic compounds like 4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole (oxazoline) derivatives seem to meet this requirement. These types of compounds are successfully applied in various reactions, e.g., Diels-Alder, Michael addition, allyl substitution, or epoxidation [29,30]. In our previous work, 2-(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)pyridine (Py-ox) and 2,6-bis(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)pyridine (Py-box) ligands were investigated and found to be active in the ethylene polymerization and copolymerization [18]. As a consequence, we decided to return to the idea of Cozzi and co-workers [30,31] and study bicyclic oxazoline ligands, which join phenol moieties where the coordination of the transition metal is through oxygen atom and maintaining five-membered 4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole ring with sp2 nitrogen atom (Figure 1). Thus, the proposed catalysts resembles those of the Fujita catalyst [32,33,34], but they differ with electron density because of the oxygen atom neighboring the C=N bond, which should increase its stability through π-resonance. The following three type of ligands were investigated: 2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L1) as well as its methylated analogue 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L2), which should impose some steric hindrance. Additionally, its seem valuable to study 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol (L3), which is the six-membered analogue and constitution isomer of L2, to compare both the performance of catalysts and the microstructure of polymer products.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Analysis of the Catalysts

The synthesis of ligands was modification of the procedure described by Sarada and co-workers [35]. In a three-step procedure, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate reacts with the appropriate amino alcohol to form the intermediate hydroxybenzamide, which is then converted with SOCl2 to the hydrochloride, which reacts with NaHCO3 to the final product. The synthesis of complexes was based on the work described by Cozzi and co-workers [31], but it was found that dichloromethane acts better as solvent (Figure S1).
The main differences in chemical shifts between the ligands and its titanium and vanadium complexes are depicted in the spectra 13C NMR in DMSO-d6 for the complexes with the ligand L1 (Figure S2). The signals of oxazoline methylene carbons are shifted upfield from δ 67 and 53 ppm in the molecule L1 to 44 and 42 ppm in the complexes. In contrast, the signal of the C2 oxazoline carbon and quaternary C2 phenol carbon are shifted downfield from δ 165 and 110 ppm in the molecule L1 to 169 and 116 ppm in the complexes. This indicates electron density changes due to metal atom coordination. Similar tendency is also recorded for the L2 and L3 complexes. Detailed spectra 1H and 13C NMR for the titanium and vanadium complexes with the L1–L3 ligands are given in Figures S3–S20.
Further confirmation of the structure of complexes was performed using mass spectrometry (MS). The mass spectra of vanadium complexes (Figures S21, S25–S27) do not show the molecular peaks, but a characteristic pattern of successive decomposition of the complexes by water is seen. For the vanadium complex with L1 ligand the peaks at m/z 409 and 390 can be assigned to the fragments [(L1)2VCl2-HCl] and [(L1)2VCl2-HCl-Cl + O]. Similarly, for the vanadium complexes with L2 and L3 ligands, which differ in the structure by methylene unit, the corresponding peaks at m/z 437 and 418 can be found. The peaks at m/z 63 [C5H3] (diagnostic for benzene ring compounds), 91 [C5HNO and C6H3O], and 119 [C7H5NO] together with the peaks at m/z 163 for L1 and 177 for L2 and L3 show decomposition of the free ligands (Figures S22–S24) and a pattern similar for acetylic acid derivatives. It should be noted that the ligands L2 and L3 are constitution isomers and have the same molecular mass, but difference in intensity of the peaks at m/z 177 can be seen, which can be explained by greater stability of the six membered oxazine ring.
The mass spectra of titanium complexes (Figures S28, S29–S31) also shows the peaks at m/z 406 [(L1)2TiCl2-HCl] and 434 [(L2)2VCl2-HCl] resulting from loss of chloride atom. However, there is the characteristic peak at m/z 252, regardless of the titanium complex analyzed, which can be assigned to [(PhO)2TiO] fragment resulting from loss of chloride atoms and oxazoline or oxazine fragment of ligands. In summary, the analysis of mass spectra indicates that the studied complexes contain two ligands for metal atom, which is consistent with literature [31,36].

2.2. Ethylene Polymerization

The obtained titanium and vanadium complexes were applied as catalyst precursors for ethylene polymerization (Table 1). The polymerization reaction was performed in hexane in the presence of activator, AlEt2Cl. In the case of the vanadium catalysts, a reactivator ethyl trichloroacetate (ETA) was also used. The titanium complexes, regardless of the type of ligand, show relatively low activities, which do not exceed 140 kgPE/mol Ti per 1 h. The highest activity was obtained for the catalyst with the ligand L1. The increase of amount of the alkylaluminium activator results in a relatively small increase of polymerization yield. The obtained polyethylene has low melting temperature, in the range of 112–126 °C and crystallinity degree determined by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method in the range of 48–68%.
The vanadium complexes, also activated by AlEt2Cl, show almost 10 times higher activities. The highest activity was also obtained using the catalyst with the ligand L1. The increase of alkylaluminium activator, from the molar ratio Al:V 1000 up to 1500 results in a decrease of polymerization yield, in contrast to the titanium analogues. However, in the presence of ETA reactivator, a further increase of activity was achieved, almost seven times higher. It should be also noticed that the reaction time was shortened from 60 to 30 min because the reactor was full of the polymer product. The best result 7300 kgPE/(molV·h) shows the catalyst with the ligand L1, 5800 kgPE/(molV·h) for the complex L3 and 4500 kgPE/(molV·h) for the complex L2 (Table 1, items 5, 16 and 10). These differences can be explained by a steric effect, which for the vanadium catalysts often results in changes of activity [21,37,38,39]. The obtained polyethylene has the melting temperature and crystallinity degree in the range of 123–142 °C and 49–75%, respectively, and higher values of these parameters were obtained at lower activator/catalyst molar ratio and in the presence of ETA reactivator. The average molecular weight (Mw) determined by the GPC method for the polyethylene samples obtained using the vanadium catalysts, (L1-3)2VCl2, activated by AlEt2Cl and in the presence of ETA has a value 8.5 × 105 g/mol for L1, 5.7 × 105 g/mol for L2, and 7.2 × 105 g/mol for L3. The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) was 1.5, 2.4, and 1.6, respectively.

2.3. Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymerization

Due to low activity of the titanium catalysts in the ethylene homopolymerization, the ethylene-norbornene copolymerization was performed only using the vanadium catalysts. The initial norbornene concentration was established as 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol/L. The polyreactions were carried out in aliphatic solvent, hexane, in the presence of activator AlEt2Cl (1000 and 1500 equivalents to the vanadium compound) and ETA (50 equivalents to the vanadium compound) (Table 2). Addition of norbornene in amount of 0.5 mol/L to the reaction mixture decreases the catalyst activity, as compared to the ethylene polymerization, regardless of the catalyst applied. The lowest performance revealed the catalyst with the ligand L3 (Table 2, items 1, 4, and 7). The increase of amount of the activator up to 1500 Al/V molar ratio does not improve the catalyst performance, in contrary, a decrease was observed.
Further increase of the amount of norbornene (1.0 mol/L) results in a considerable increase of the copolymerization yield for the catalysts with the ligands L3 and L1. Nevertheless, the total amount of the polymer product obtained using the catalyst with the ligand L3 is smaller as compared to the analogue L1. Again, the increase of amount of the activator up to 1500 Al/V molar ratio does not help to improve the catalyst performance. Interestingly, a decrease of the activity was observed for the catalyst with the ligand L2 (Table 2, items 2, 5, 9, and 10).
At the highest tested norbornene concentration (1.5 mol/L) the increase of activity was observed only for the catalyst with the ligand L1. For those with ligands L2 and L3, the activity decreases, in particular for L2 (Table 2, items 3, 6, and 11). The presented results indicate that the highest copolymerization yield is obtained using the catalyst with the ligand L1, which is sterically least crowded.
Typically, the molecular weight (Mw) of the obtained copolymers is considerably lower than that for polyethylene and decreases with increase of the initial norbornene concentration [12,24,40]. The studied catalysts produce the copolymer with Mw in the range of (2.6–0.9 × 105 g/mol) and its decrease is observed especially for the catalyst with the ligand L2. The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.6–2.2) is narrow, regardless of the catalyst studied. Again, the broadest distribution is found for the catalyst with the ligand L2.
The norbornene incorporation is in the range of 12.3–30.1 mol% and increases with the increase of initial NB concentration in the reaction medium, as determined by the analysis of the NMR spectra of the copolymers (Figures S32–S40). At the investigated range of initial NB concentration (0.5–1.5 mol/L), the highest NB incorporation was found in the copolymer obtained using the catalyst with the ligand L3. The increase of the amount of activator does not improve the NB incorporation. Regardless of the catalyst studied, a linear dependence between the NB incorporation and glass transition temperature (Tg) is observed (Figure S41). The obtained values of Tg (4–62 °C) strictly depend on the amount of NB comonomer. Such a linear dependence indicates that the copolymer has homogeneous composition [12,24]. The relatively low Tg values can be explained a relatively low NB incorporation [41].

2.4. Norbornene Incorporation

The incorporation of the norbornene units in the copolymer chain as well as the copolymer microstructure was determined by the analysis of the spectra 13C NMR (Figure 2 and Figures S32–S40). The characteristic for the norbornene unit signals in the range of 50–43 (C2/C3), 42–36 (C1/C4), c.a. 34–31 (C7) and 31–26 (C5/C6) ppm [6,42] are present. The copolymer microstructure depends on the NB incorporation. When the NB incorporation is below 19 mol%, the copolymers microstructure is quite similar, regardless of the catalyst applied (Figure 2a and Figures S32, S35 and S38). The signals assigned to isolated (46.4, 40.8, and 32.1 ppm) and alternated (47.1, 45.6, 41.4, 41.3, 32.2, 32.1, 30.0, 29.9) NB units are observed. It is possible to distinguish isotactic and syndiotactic structures. The increase of comonomer incorporation results in the increase of the intensity of signals assigned to the alternated NB units in relation to the signals assigned to the isolated NB units. When the NB incorporation is above 21 mol%, the signal from NB diads appears at 30.7 ppm and a difference for the studied catalysts can be seen. The signal at 30.7 ppm is clearly seen for the copolymers obtained using the vanadium complexes with the L1 and especially L3 ligands, whereas is barely seen for the analogue L2. In contrast, for the latter, the signals assigned to triads (48.2, 35.7, 35.4, 34.1, 33.7, and 33.1 ppm) appear (Figure 2b and Figures S33, S36 and S39). This difference is further shown at higher NB incorporation. The vanadium complex with the ligand L2 produces longer micro-blocks, whereas triads are not seen in the polymers obtained with the complexes L1 and L3. However, there is a difference, the microstructure of copolymer obtained using the complex L3 contains much higher amount of NB diads than that obtained using the complex L1 (Figure 2c and Figures S34, S37 and S40).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

The substrates for syntheses and the methods of purification of solvents are given in the Supplementary Materials.

3.2. Ligands Synthesis

Methyl salicylate (C8H8O3) was obtained from salicylic acid (C7H6O3) using the standard Fisher procedure. The crude product was purified by distillation. Yield 85%, b.p. 208–211 °C, refractive index 1.5363.
Methyl salicylate (10 mmole, 1.521 g) (±)-2-amino-1-propanol (DL-alaninol) (C3H9NO) (20 mmol, 1.502 g) was mixed in acetonitrile (10 mL) using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for 3 days under TLC control. After evaporation of solvent using rotary evaporator the crude product was purified using flash chromatography and eluents CH2Cl2: MeOH (9:1 volume) with 1.366 g yield (70%) of 2-hydroxy-N-(1-hydroxy-2-propanyl)benzamide (C10H13NO3).
To the benzamide (7 mmol) dissolved in chloroform (10 mL), mixed by a magnetic stirrer at 0 °C (water-ice bath), thionyl chloride (SOCl2) (2.50 g, 1.5 mL, 21 mmol, 3 equivalents) was added dropwise using a syringe. Then, the reaction mixture was left to obtain room temperature and further mixing was maintained for 24 h. Then, heptane was added to precipitate a white solid. The crude product was washed on a Shott funnel using ethyl acetate and heptane and then dried under nitrogen stream to obtain a white solid 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol hydrochloride salt (C10H12ClNO2) with 1.333 g yield (76%).
The hydrochloric salt (1.000 g, 4.7 mmol) was dissolved in water (10 mL), and then saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (about 10 mL) was added slowly dropwise up to the precipitation of white solid. The solid was washed thoroughly with water and dried, resulting in 0.756 g (91%) of product, 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (C10H11NO2).
2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol:13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 163.7, 158.6, 133.1, 127.2, 118.4, 115.9, 109.6, 72.6, 59,7, 20.6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.27 (1H, s), 7.63 (1H, d), 7.46 (1H, t), 7.00 (1H, d), 6.98 (1H, t), 4.56 (1H, t), 4.48 (1H, m), 4.04 (1H, t), 1.29 (3H, d). MS (m/z) 177.
2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol:13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 165.4, 159.1, 133.6, 127.8, 118.9, 116.5, 110.2, 67.0, 53.0. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.18 (1H, s), 7.63 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, t), 7.00 (1H, d), 6.93 (1H, t), 4.47 (2H, t), 4.07 (2H, t). MS (m/z) 163. M.p. 38.5–39.9 °C.
2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol:13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 161.0, 159.3, 133.0, 126.9, 118.1, 117.3, 114.6, 66.0, 40.9, 21.5. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.26 (1H, s), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.32 (1H, t), 6.85 (1H, d), 6.81 (1H, t), 4.43 (2H, t), 3.56 (2H, t), 1.98 (2H, m). MS (m/z) 177. M.p. 76.5–77.5 °C.

3.3. Catalysts Preparation

All steps were carried out in inert argon atmosphere. A solution of 2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L1) or 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol (L2) or 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol (L3) (3.0 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL) was dropped into a stirred suspension of NaH (3.3 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (30 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. To the resulting slightly pink solution of disodium salt, a solution of TiCl4 (1.5 mmol, 1M in CH2Cl2) or VCl4 (1.5 mmol, 1M in hexane) was added dropwise. The obtained orange-red (Ti) or dark blue (V) mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and then filtered to eliminate NaCl. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the orange-red (Ti) or dark blue (V) precipitate was dried under vacuum.
(L1)2TiCl2: Yield: 64%. Elemental analysis of C18H16N2O4Cl2Ti: calculated C 48.79%, H 3.64%, N 6.32%, experimental: C 47.98%, H 3.78%, N 6.95%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.35 (t, 1H), 7.12 (d, 1H), 6.96 (d, 1H), 6.84 (t, 1H), 3.75 (t, 2H), 3.61 (t, 2H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 169.10, 160.11, 134.22, 128.78, 119.18, 118.12, 115.85, 43.46, 41.53.
(L2)2TiCl2: Yield: 63%. Elemental analysis of C20H20N2O4Cl2Ti: calculated C 50.98%, H 4,28%, N 5.95%, experimental: C 50.52%, H 4.58%, N 6.31%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.90 (d, 1H), 7.61 (t, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.34 (t, 1H), 4.61 (t, 1H), 4.43 (t, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, 3H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.50, 160.07, 134.34, 128.83, 119.57, 117.23, 115.88, 48.55, 46.78, 21.19.
(L3)2TiCl2: Yield: 62%. Elemental analysis of C20H20N2O4Cl2Ti: calculated C 50.98%, H 4,28%, N 5.95%, experimental: C 50.12%, H 4.38%, N 6.39%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.39 (t, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 6.85 (t, 1H), 4.51 (t, 2H), 3.59 (t, 2H), 2.04 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 161.39, 160.58, 133.92, 127.77, 118.61, 117.48, 113.77, 67.10, 40.57, 20.80.
(L1)2VCl2: Yield: 62%. Elemental analysis of C18H16N2O4Cl2V: calculated C 48.45%, H 3.61%, N 6.28%, experimental: C 47.92%, H 3.81%, N 6.76%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.57 (t, 2H), 3.92 (t, 2H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 169.38, 160.32, 134.47, 128.67, 119.31, 117.83, 115.80, 43.48, 41.40.
(L2)2VCl2: Yield: 65%. Elemental analysis of C20H20N2O4Cl2V: calculated C 50.65%, H 4.25%, N 5.91%, experimental: C 50.36%, H 4.54%, N 6.32%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.41 (t, 1H), 4.70 (1H), 4.51 (1H), 4.32 (1H), 4.21 (1H), 1.28 (3H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.53, 160.22, 134.36, 128.75, 119.05, 117.80, 115.78, 48.55, 46.56, 18.23.
(L3)2VCl2: Yield: 60%. Elemental analysis of C20H20N2O4Cl2V: calculated C 50.65%, H 4.25%, N 5.91%, experimental: C 50.52%, H 4.42%, N 6.21%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.60 (1H), 7.33 (1H), 6.84 (1H), 6.80 (1H), 4.43 (2H), 3.54 (2H), 1.98 (2H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.63, 160.05, 133.32, 127.18, 118.28, 117.34, 114.34, 66.41, 40.78, 21.27.

3.4. (Co)Polymerization Procedure

The glass reactor (500 mL) was filled with nitrogen, and hexane (150 mL), norbornene comonomer (0.5, 1.0 and 1.50 mol/L), AlEt2Cl, (5.0 × 10−3 mol Al or 7.5 × 10−3 mol Al), optionally ethyl trichloroacetate (ETA) (3.5 × 10−4 mol), titanium (L1)2TiCl2, (L2)2TiCl2, (L3)2TiCl2, or vanadium (L1)2VCl2, (L2)2VCl2, (L3)2VCl2 catalysts (5.0 × 10−6 mol Mt) as toluene solution (3 mL) and ethylene was successively added. Reaction was carried out for 30 or 60 min at 0.5 MPa pressure of ethylene and 30 °C. The reaction was terminated by closure of ethylene feeding, reduction of pressure to 0.1 MPa, and the addition of acidified methanol. The polymer product was filtered, washed by hexane, methanol, and dried at 50 °C to constant mass. Such prepared samples were used for further analyses. To ensure reproducibility of the results, each (co)polymerization reaction was repeated.

3.5. Polymer Sample Purification

Polyethylene obtained was washed thoroughly with methanol and dried at 50 °C to constant mass. Copolymer E-NB obtained was washed thoroughly with hexane, methanol, and dried at 50 °C to constant mass.

3.6. Instruments

13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra of the ligands and complexes, and 13C NMR spectra of the polymers were recorded on a Bruker Ultrashield spectrometer (400 MHz) in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 and o-dichlorobenzene-d4 solvent, respectively. Total norbornene incorporation in polymer was calculated using equation: NB mol% = [1/3(2IC7+IC1/C4+IC2/C3)/ICH2] × 100% where ICH2, IC7, IC1/C4, IC2/C3 are total area of the 13C NMR signal at 26–31, 31–34, 36–42, and 43–50 ppm.
EI+ mass spectra were recorded using a Polaris Q (Finnigan, CA, US) mass spectrometer equipped with a Direct Insertion Probe (DIP). The compounds were heated in an ion source with a 40–450 °C temperature gradient, the mass monitoring interval was 50–1000 amu, and spectra were collected using 1.0 s cyclical scans, applying 70 eV electron energy. The mass spectrometer was directly coupled to an Xcalibur data system.
The melting temperatures, crystallinity, and glass transition temperatures of the polymers were measured by differential scanning calorimetry DSC 2010 TA instrument calorimeter equipped with an automated sampler. The data were collected with the heat/cool/heat cycle at a heating rate of 10 °C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The polyethylene crystallinity degree was calculated using the equation: X = (ΔHf/ΔHt,c) × 100%, where ΔHf is enthalpy of fusion of the polyethylene sample, ΔHt,c is enthalpy of fusion of standard (290 J/g), and X is crystallinity degree (%).
Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of polymer samples were made on a Polymer Laboratories PL-GPC 220 (Agilent, CA, US) gel permeation chromatography system with refractive index and viscosity detectors. Run conditions were as follows: temperature of 160 °C, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) used as a solvent at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The polymers were analyzed on a set of Olexis gel columns. The instrument was calibrated using polyethylene and polystyrene standards with narrow molecular weight distribution.
Elemental analysis (EA) was performed using apparatus EA 1108 Fisons (Shimadzu, JP).

4. Conclusions

The studied catalysts, especially those containing vanadium metal, turned out to be highly active not only in ethylene polymerization but also ethylene-norbornene copolymerization. The highest activity reveals (L1)2VCl2 complex, activated by AlEt2Cl and in the presence of ETA, both in ethylene polymerization (7300 kgPE/(molV·h)) and ethylene/norbornene copolymerization (5300 kgCop/(molV·h)). The microstructure of E-NB copolymers depends on the catalyst applied with the highest diads contents for the (L3)2VCl2 and higher microblocks for the (L2)2VCl2 complexes. Comparison to the Fujita catalyst studied in very similar reaction conditions (pressure, hexane solvent, AlEt2Cl cocatalyst, temperature) [43,44] shows that the presented 2-hydroxyphenyloxazoline catalysts reveal slightly better performance for titanium but are considerably higher for the vanadium atom center. This opens the way for further studies and changes in the structure of ligands that allow us to obtain complexes capable of producing stereoregular polymers with good yield.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/12/1041/s1, Figure S1. Scheme of synthesis.; Figures S2–S20. NMR spectra of L1-L3 ligands and Ti and V complexes, Figures S21–S31. Mass spectra of ligands L1-L3 and complexes Ti and V, Figures S32–S40. 13C NMR spectra of ethylene-norbornene copolymers.; Figure S41. Plot of NB incorporated in the copolymers versus the copolymers Tg using the vanadium complexes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.O.-S.; Ligand synthesis, D.S. and S.H.; Catalysts synthesis, W.O.-S.; Polymerization, W.O.-S.; Data analysis, W.O.-S., A.P. and D.S.; MS measurement, W.O.-S. and H.O., Writing, W.O.-S. and D.S., Consultation, K.D.

Funding

This work was funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, an ERDF project entitled “Development of Pre-Applied Research in Nanotechnology and Biotechnology” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007323).

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Hana Omamikova for the help during MS measurement and Szymon Herman for help in ligands synthesis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 09 01041 g001 550
Figure 1. The structure of ligands: (L1) 2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol, (L2) 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol, (L3) 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol.
Figure 1. The structure of ligands: (L1) 2-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol, (L2) 2-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenol, (L3) 2-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)phenol.
Catalysts 09 01041 g001
Catalysts 09 01041 g002 550
Figure 2. 13C NMR spectra in o-dichlorobenzene-d4 for ethylene-norbornene copolymers: (a) 12 mol% NB, (L1)2VCl2, (b) 27 mol% NB, (L3)2VCl2, (c) 27 mol% NB, (L2)2VCl2.
Figure 2. 13C NMR spectra in o-dichlorobenzene-d4 for ethylene-norbornene copolymers: (a) 12 mol% NB, (L1)2VCl2, (b) 27 mol% NB, (L3)2VCl2, (c) 27 mol% NB, (L2)2VCl2.
Catalysts 09 01041 g002
Table
Table 1. Results of ethylene polymerization using studied titanium and vanadium catalysts.
Table 1. Results of ethylene polymerization using studied titanium and vanadium catalysts.
ItemCatalystAl/Mt aYield (g)Activity b (kg PE/molMt)Tm (°C)X DSC (%)
1(L1)2TiCl215000.68136118.348.2
210000.54108125.853.3
3(L1)2VCl215005.371074131.265.4
410006.021204140.271.2
5 c100018.257300141.774.9
6(L2)2TiCl215000.3468111.9nd
710000.2040120.849.0
8(L2)2VCl215002.49498123.548.9
910003.30660132.666.3
10 c,d100011.264504140.072.5
11(L3)2TiCl215000.4284119.4nd
1210000.3972122.668.2
13(L3)2VCl215003.16632138.264.8
14 c,d15009.243696132.658.5
1510004.21842140.672.0
16 c,d100014.455780135.971.9
Polymerization conditions: catalyst (5.0 × 10−6 molMt), activator AlEt2Cl, temperature (30 °C), polymerization time (60 min), solvent-hexane (150 mL). a Al/Mt molar ratio. b Activity in kg polymer per mol Mt per h. c Reaction with ethyl trichloroacetate (ETA) (3.5 × 10−4 mol). d Polymerization time (30 min). nd—Not determined.
Table
Table 2. Results of ethylene-norbornene copolymerization using studied vanadium catalysts.
Table 2. Results of ethylene-norbornene copolymerization using studied vanadium catalysts.
ItemCatalystNB (mol/L)Yield (g)Activity aMw/105 (g/mol) bMw/Mn bTg (°C)NB c (mol%)
1(L1)2VCl20.520.8141622.61.64.012.3
21.025.7051402.01.834.222.1
31.526.4852961.81.954.027.5
4(L2)2VCl20.519.1038201.61.712.817.1
51.017.2234441.31.927.220.7
61.58.1016200.92.252.927.2
7(L3)2VCl20.517.7135421.91.722.119.4
8 d0.513.5827161.81.714.617.5
91.023.8847761.71.753.926.5
10 d1.019.6739341.51.743.821.8
111.520.3240641.61.961.730.1
(Co)polymerization conditions: catalyst (5.0 × 10−6 mol), activator AlEt2Cl (5.0 × 10−3 molAl), ethyl trichloroacetate (ETA) (3.5 × 10−4 mol), temperature (30 °C), (co)polymerization time (60 min), solvent-hexane (150 mL). a Activity in kg polymer per mol V per h. b Determined by GPC. c NB content (mol%) estimated by 13C NMR spectra. d Activator AlEt2Cl (7.5 × 10−3 molAl).

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Ochędzan-Siodłak, W.; Siodłak, D.; Piontek, A.; Doležal, K. Titanium and Vanadium Catalysts with 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline and Oxazine Ligands for Ethylene-Norbornene (co)Polymerization. Catalysts 2019, 9, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121041

AMA Style

Ochędzan-Siodłak W, Siodłak D, Piontek A, Doležal K. Titanium and Vanadium Catalysts with 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline and Oxazine Ligands for Ethylene-Norbornene (co)Polymerization. Catalysts. 2019; 9(12):1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121041

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ochędzan-Siodłak, Wioletta, Dawid Siodłak, Aleksandra Piontek, and Karel Doležal. 2019. "Titanium and Vanadium Catalysts with 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline and Oxazine Ligands for Ethylene-Norbornene (co)Polymerization" Catalysts 9, no. 12: 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121041

APA Style

Ochędzan-Siodłak, W., Siodłak, D., Piontek, A., & Doležal, K. (2019). Titanium and Vanadium Catalysts with 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline and Oxazine Ligands for Ethylene-Norbornene (co)Polymerization. Catalysts, 9(12), 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121041

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