MicroRNA in Human Glioma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. miRNA Biological Functions in Glioma
2.1. miRNAs Modulate Glioma Cell Proliferation
MiRNA | Target genes | Biological effects a | Postulated upstream regulators b | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mir-7 | EGFR, IRS-2, FAK | Invasion (−), Radioresistance (−), Migration (−) | [28,29,30,31] | |
MiR-10b | HOXD10, Bim, TFAP2C, p16, p21, CSMD1 | Invasion (+), Proliferation (+), Cell cycle (+), Apoptosis (−), Autophagy (−) | [32,33,34,35] | |
Mir-15b | CCNE1, NRP2 | Cell cycle (−), Invasion (−), Angiogenesis (−) | [36,37] | |
Mir-16-1 | Zyxin | Migration (−), Invasion (−), Proliferation (−) | [38] | |
Mir-17–92 cluster | CDKN1A, E2F1, Pold2, PTEN, CTGF | Proliferation (+), Apoptosis (−), Differentiation (−) | c-Myc (+) | [39,40,41,42] |
Mir-21 | RECK, pdcd4, CDC25A, HNRPK, TIMP-3, TAp63, LRRFIP1 | Invasion (+), Migration (+), Proliferation (+), Apoptosis (−), Autophagy (−), Resistance to TMZ, taxol and VM-26 (+), Radioresistance (+) | β-catenin/STAT3 pathway (+) | [43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58] |
Mir-23b | VHL,Pyk2, HMGA2 | Proliferation (±), Invasion (±), Apoptosis(−), Migration(−), Cell cycle(−) | [59,60,61] | |
Mir-26a | PTEN | [62] | ||
Mir-30e* | IκBα | Invasion(+), Angiogenesis(+) | [63] | |
Mir-31 | Radixin | Migration(−), Invasion(−) | [64] | |
Mir-34a | E2F1, Notch1, Notch2,C-met | Proliferation(−), Apoptosis(+), | P53 | [25,65,66] |
Mir-101 | EZH2 | Proliferation(−), Migration(−), Angiogenesis(−), | [67] | |
Mir-124 | SNAI2 | Stemness(−), Invasion(−) | [68] | |
Mir-125b | BMF, E2F2 | Angiogenesis(−), Proliferation(±), Apoptosis (−) | VEGF (−) | [69,70,71,72] |
MiR-125b-2 | TMZ resistance(+) | [73] | ||
Mir-128 | Bmi-1, E2F3a, p70s6k1, RTKs | Proliferation(−), Self-renew(−), Apoptosis(+), Angiogenesis(−), Differentiation(+) | Ginsenoside Rh2 (+) | [74,75,76,77,78] |
Mir-137 | Cox-2, CDK6 | Iinvasion(−), Migration(−), Proliferation(−), Stmeness(−), Cell cycle(−) | [23,24] | |
Mir-145 | CTGF, ADAM17, NEDD9 | Invasion(−), Migration (−), Proliferation(−), Stmeness(−) | [79,80,81,82] | |
Mir-146 | EGFR | Invasion(−), Migration(−) | [83] | |
Mir-152 | MMP-3 | Invasion(−), Angiogenesis(−) | [36] | |
Mir-153 | IRS-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-2 | Apoptosis(+), Proliferation(−) | Chromatin-modifying drugs (+) | [84,85] |
Mir-181 | Bcl-2 | Apoptosis(+), Invasion(−), Proliferation(−), Radiorasistance(+) | [86,87] | |
Mir-182 | CYLD | Proliferation(+), Angiogenesis(+) | TGF-β (+) | [88] |
Mir-184 | Npm1, Akt2 | Proliferation(−), Invasion(−) | [89] | |
Mir-195 | E2F3, CCND3, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1 | Proliferation(−), Invasion(−), TMZ resistance(+) | [90,91,92] | |
Mir-204 | SOX4, EphB2 | Self-renewal(−), Stemness(−), Migration(−), Invasion(−) | Methylation (+) | [93] |
Mir-221/222 | TIMP3, PUMA, p57, PTEN, p27, ICAM-1, CX43, PTPμ | Invasion(+), Proliferation(+), Apoptosis(−), Radioresistance(+), TMZ resistance (+), Cytolysis to CTL (−) | NF-κB (+), C-Jun (+) | [94,95,96,9798,99,100,101,102,103] |
Mir-296 | HGS | Angiogenesis(+) | VEGF (+), EGF (+) | [104] |
Mir-326 | PKM2, NOTCH1, NOTCH2 | Proliferation(−), Apoptosis(+), Invasion(−) | Notch (−) | [105,106,107] |
Mir-410 | MET | Proliferation(−), Invasion(−) | Methylation (−) | [108] |
Mir-451 | CAB39 | Response to metabolic stress | Glucose (+) | [109] |
Mir-455 | TMZ resistance(+) | [90] | ||
Mir-486 | CYLD, ITCH, TNIP-1, TNIP-2, TNIP-3 | Aggressiveness(+), Angiogenesis(+), Proliferation(+), Invasion(+) | [110] | |
Let-7 | Migration(−), Proliferation(−) | [111] |
2.2. miRNAs Modulate Glioma Cell Apoptosis
2.3. miRNAs Modulate Glioma Cell Invasion and Migration
2.4. miRNAs Modulate Glioma Angiogenesis
2.5. miRNAs Are Involved in Glioma Stem Cell Development and Maintenance
2.6. miRNAs Contribute to Glioma Resistance to Therapies
3. Biological Importance of miRNAs in Glioma
3.1. miRNAs Act as “Gap Filler” in Cellular Signaling Networks
3.2. miRNAs Act as “Amplifiers” of Glioma-Associated Cellular Signals
3.3. miRNAs Act as “Fine-Tuners” of Signal Regulation
3.4. miRNAs Act as Crosstalk Mediators of Different Signaling Pathways
4. Potential Application of miRNAs in Clinical Management of Glioma: Perspective
MiRNA | Test | Expression alteration a | Fold change | Relevance to grading b | Relevance to prognosis c | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mir-7 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | [28] | |||
MiR-10b | qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | 90.4 (tissues), 94.8 (U87), 18.4 (U251) | (+) | (−) | [32,33,34] |
Mir-15b | MicroRNAarray, qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | 0.11 (tissues) | [36,37] | ||
Mir-16-1 | qRT-PCR | C(−) | [38] | |||
Mir-17 | qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | 2.7–5.6 (tissues) | (+) | (−) | [42] |
Mir-17–92 cluster | qRT-PCR | T(+) | 1.5–5 (tissues) | (+) | [39] | |
Mir-21 | qRT-PCR, In situ hybridization | T(+), C(+) | (+) | [21,45] | ||
Mir-23b | qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | 7.48–16.04 (cell lines) | [61] | ||
Mir-26a | MicroRNA array | T(+) | 6 (GBM tissues) | [62] | ||
Mir-30e* | MicroRNA array, qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | (+) | (−) | [63] | |
Mir-31 | qRT-PCR | T(−) | [64] | |||
Mir-34a | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | [157] | |||
Mir-101 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | (−) | [67] | ||
Mir-124 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | 57 (GBM tissues) | [23,68] | ||
Mir-125b | Northern blotting, In situ localization, MicroRNA array, qRT-PCR | Glioblastoma-associated endothelial cells(−), ATRA-treated human glioma cell lines(−), CD133+ cells(−) | [69,70,71,72] | |||
MiR-125b-2 | qRT-PCR | GBM tissues(+), cells treated with TMZ(+), CD133+(+) | [73] | |||
Mir-128 | MicroRNA array, qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | (−) | [74,75,76] | ||
Mir-137 | MicroRNA array, qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | (−) | [24] | ||
Mir-145 | TCGA analysis, qRT-PCR, MicroRNA array | T(−), C(−) | <0.1 (cell lines) | (−) | (+) | [79,80,81,82] |
Mir-146 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | [158,159] | |||
Mir-152 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | 0.14 (tissues) | [36] | ||
Mir-153 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | [84] | |||
Mir-181 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | (−) | [86] | ||
Mir-182 | qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | (+) | (−) | [160] | |
Mir-184 | Stem-loop real-time RT-PCR | T(−) | 0.02–0.56 (tissues) | [89] | ||
Mir-195 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | <0.6 (cell lines), <0.4 (tissues) | [91,92] | ||
Mir-204 | qRT-PCR | T(−), C(−) | (+) | [93] | ||
Mir-221/222 | qRT-PCR, MicroRNA array | T(+), C(+) | 2.74 (cell lines), 6.23 (tissues) | (+) | (−) | [101,102] |
Mir-296 | qRT-PCR | C(+) | [104] | |||
Mir-326 | qRT-PCR | T(−) | 0.15–0.18 (tissues) | (−) | (+) | [105,106,107] |
Mir-410 | TCGA analysis, qRT-PCR | T(−), | [108] | |||
Mir-451 | qRT-PCR, Fluorescent in situ hybridization | T(−), C(−) | (−) | [161,162] | ||
Mir-455 | MicroRNA array | Cells resistant to TMZ(+) | [90] | |||
Mir-486 | MicroRNA array, qRT-PCR | T(+), C(+) | (+) | (−) | [110] |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, M.; Li, J.; Liu, L.; Li, W.; Yang, Y.; Yuan, J. MicroRNA in Human Glioma. Cancers 2013, 5, 1306-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5041306
Li M, Li J, Liu L, Li W, Yang Y, Yuan J. MicroRNA in Human Glioma. Cancers. 2013; 5(4):1306-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5041306
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mengfeng, Jun Li, Lei Liu, Wei Li, Yi Yang, and Jie Yuan. 2013. "MicroRNA in Human Glioma" Cancers 5, no. 4: 1306-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5041306