Predictive and Prognostic Protein Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Recommendation for Future Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Protein Biomarkers Associated with Chemoresistance and Survival
2.1. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
2.1.1. Tumor Suppressor p53
2.1.2. Wilms Tumor: WT1
2.2. Proliferation Markers
2.2.1. Ki67
2.2.2. Proliferation Cell Nuclear Antigen or PCNA
2.2.3. Topoisomerases
2.3. Cell Cycle Regulators
2.3.1. Cyclins
2.3.2. Cyclin Inhibitors: p21, p27, p57 and p16
2.4. Apoptosis
2.4.1. Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
2.4.1.1. TRAIL and Receptors
2.4.1.2. Fas and Fas-L
2.4.2. Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
2.4.2.1. The Bcl-2 Family Members
2.4.2.2. Caspases
2.4.2.3. Inhibitor of Apoptosis: IAPs
2.5. Repair Enzymes: BRCA-1 and -2, PARP, ERCC1
2.6. Markers of Angiogenesis
2.6.1. Markers of Microvascular Density
2.6.2. Markers of Proteins Involved in Angiogenesis
2.7. Immunological Factors
2.8. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKR)
2.8.1. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors: ErbB
2.8.2. Ephrin B receptors and other TKR
2.8.3. The Signaling Pathway of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors: Akt and NF-κB
2.9. E-cadherin/beta-Catenin
4. Discussion
- Consider EOC subtypes as different diseases for the purposes of biomarker studies.
- Clearly define and report the study cohort: inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting patients, complete histopathology, stage and grade. Knowledge of treatment regimens is highly recommended. Recommendations addressing these points are provided by the NCI [231].
- Consider pitfalls of technology used for evaluation biomarkers: for tissue microarrays see [229].
- Validation from independent investigators is an important criterion for determining the robustness of any given biomarker.
Acknowledgements
References
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Le Page, C.; Huntsman, D.G.; Provencher, D.M.; Mes-Masson, A.-M. Predictive and Prognostic Protein Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Recommendation for Future Studies. Cancers 2010, 2, 913-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020913
Le Page C, Huntsman DG, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson A-M. Predictive and Prognostic Protein Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Recommendation for Future Studies. Cancers. 2010; 2(2):913-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020913
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe Page, Cécile, David G. Huntsman, Diane M. Provencher, and Anne-Marie Mes-Masson. 2010. "Predictive and Prognostic Protein Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Recommendation for Future Studies" Cancers 2, no. 2: 913-954. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020913