Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in the Metastatic Microenvironment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
DNA | |
Point mutations | [33] |
DNA-DNA and DNA-protein crosslinks | [33] |
Sister chromatid exchanges | [33] |
Single- or double-strand breaks | [33] |
Increased 8-HO-dG levels with G-T transversions | [34] |
Other oxidation-derived products such as 5-hydroxy-dC, 5-hydroxy-dU and uridine glycol with C-T transitions | [33] |
Proteins | |
Amino acid oxidation | |
Post-translational modifications | [35] |
eNOS mediated Ras activation by S-nitrosylation | [36] |
Lipids | |
Direct oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in lipids | [37] |
Indirectly by lipid synthesis inhibition, fatty acid desaturation, or lipase activation | [37] |
Iron-mediated decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides can yield a plethora of follow-up products such as conjugated dienes, hydrocarbon gases (e.g., ethane, ethene) and carbonyl compounds such as malondialdehyde (MDA), alkenals, alkadienals, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (e.g., crotonaldehyde, acrolein). New studies on autoxidation of arachidonic acid revealed that intermediate formation of monocyclic peroxides, bicyclic endoperoxides, and dioxolane-isoprostane peroxides may also occur. | [36,38] |
2. Metastases
2.1. Biology and the Seed and Soil Hypothesis
2.1.1. Tumor Microenvironment
2.1.2. Tumorigenesis
2.1.3. Invasion
3. Interaction between Metastatic and Endothelial Cells
3.1. Adhesion, Death, and Survival
3.2. Identification of Key Targets
4. Invasion and Colonization
4.1. Angiogenesis and Metastatic Growth
4.2. Dynamic Adaptations and the Road to Perdition
5. Therapeutic Implications
6. Future Directions
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Ortega, Á.L.; Mena, S.; Estrela, J.M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in the Metastatic Microenvironment. Cancers 2010, 2, 274-304. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020274
Ortega ÁL, Mena S, Estrela JM. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in the Metastatic Microenvironment. Cancers. 2010; 2(2):274-304. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020274
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtega, Ángel L., Salvador Mena, and José M. Estrela. 2010. "Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in the Metastatic Microenvironment" Cancers 2, no. 2: 274-304. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020274