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Review

Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Strategies for Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapeutics

by
Seohyun Park
1,
Guo-Liang Lu
2,3,
Yi-Chao Zheng
4,5,6,
Emma K. Davison
1,3 and
Yan Li
1,3,*
1
School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0102, New Zealand
2
Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 0102, New Zealand
3
Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 0102, New Zealand
4
State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation & Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
5
Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
6
Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2025, 17(16), 2628; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162628
Submission received: 5 July 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 8 August 2025 / Published: 11 August 2025

Simple Summary

Resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy remains one of the major obstacles in effective cancer treatment, often leading to poor therapeutic outcomes. This review explores how nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can address this challenge by improving drug accumulation in tumours, enhancing targeting specificity and enabling controlled or stimulus-responsive drug release. In addition to conventional approaches, recent strategies involve co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with genome-editing tools to re-sensitise resistant cancer cells. By integrating emerging advances across multiple nanoparticle platforms, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of their potential to overcome drug resistance. The findings discussed may inform future research and contribute to the development of more effective, personalised cancer therapies.

Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a formidable barrier to successful cancer treatment, driven by mechanisms such as efflux pump overexpression, enhanced DNA repair, evasion of apoptosis and the protective characteristics of the tumour microenvironment. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms capable of addressing these challenges by enhancing intracellular drug accumulation, enabling targeted delivery and facilitating stimuli-responsive and controlled release. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MDR and critically examines recent advances in nanoparticle strategies developed to overcome it. Various nanoparticle designs are analysed in terms of their structural and functional features, including surface modifications, active targeting ligands and responsiveness to tumour-specific cues. Particular emphasis is placed on the co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with gene regulators, such as siRNA, and the use of nanoparticles to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tools as a means of re-sensitising resistant cancer cells. While significant progress has been made in preclinical settings, challenges such as tumour heterogeneity, limited clinical translation and immune clearance remain. Future directions include the integration of precision nanomedicine, scalable manufacturing and non-viral genome editing platforms. Collectively, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer a multifaceted approach to combat MDR and hold great promise for improving therapeutic outcomes in resistant cancers.
Keywords: Multidrug resistance (MDR); ABC transporters; nanoparticles; cancer therapeutics; nucleic acid-based therapies; cancer immunotherapy; drug delivery; chemoresistance; mononuclear phagocyte system; nanocarriers; efflux pumps; gene editing; stimuli-responsive delivery; CRISPR/Cas9 delivery; nanomedicine Multidrug resistance (MDR); ABC transporters; nanoparticles; cancer therapeutics; nucleic acid-based therapies; cancer immunotherapy; drug delivery; chemoresistance; mononuclear phagocyte system; nanocarriers; efflux pumps; gene editing; stimuli-responsive delivery; CRISPR/Cas9 delivery; nanomedicine

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Park, S.; Lu, G.-L.; Zheng, Y.-C.; Davison, E.K.; Li, Y. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Strategies for Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers 2025, 17, 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162628

AMA Style

Park S, Lu G-L, Zheng Y-C, Davison EK, Li Y. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Strategies for Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers. 2025; 17(16):2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162628

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Seohyun, Guo-Liang Lu, Yi-Chao Zheng, Emma K. Davison, and Yan Li. 2025. "Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Strategies for Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapeutics" Cancers 17, no. 16: 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162628

APA Style

Park, S., Lu, G.-L., Zheng, Y.-C., Davison, E. K., & Li, Y. (2025). Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Strategies for Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers, 17(16), 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162628

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