Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities in Intravesical Murine Models of Bladder Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Murine Models of BCa
Categorization of Intravesical Murine Models of BCa
3. Requirement of Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities to Confirm and Evaluate Tumor Progression in an Intravesical Murine Model of BCa
4. Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities
4.1. Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI)
4.2. Micro-Ultrasound Imaging (MUI)
4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.4. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
4.5. Imaging Modalities in Combination for BCa
5. Urinary Analysis for BCa Detection and Progression
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Imaging Modality | Reported Advantages | Reported Limitations | Imaging Time *ϕ (Minutes) | Earliest Detection Time (Days) | Detectable Tumor Size | Confirmation Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLI | Linearly correlated with cell quantity [10,34] and ex vivo tumor size [10] | Loss of signal overtime [35,36] Cannot detect tumor size or location [37] | 12–18 [10,35,38] | 4 [39] | - | 91.6 [36] |
MUI | MUI: Accurate detection of tumor location [40] Linearly correlated with tumor size [40] Contrast-enhanced MUI: evaluation of tumor vasculature [41] | Lack of 3-dimensional imaging [42] | MUI: ~5 [43] Contrast-enhanced MUI: ~60 [40] | 4 [39] | 0.4 mm3 [38] | 87 [43] |
MRI | 3-dimensional imaging [44] Provide accurate tumor measurements that correlate with tumor stage and size [34,42,45] | Long examination time and high cost [42] Unable to detect tumors less than 1 mm in diameter [45] | <10 [42] | - | 1.5 mm in diameter [45] | 86.4 [45] |
PET | Evaluates metabolic activity, identifies genomic aberrations, and protein dysregulation [46] Detects metastatic disease [47] Sensitive, quantitative, and high target selectivity [48] | Obstructed by renal excretion [47,49] | 10 [50] | PET: 1 and 3 h [47,49] ImmunoPET: 72 h [48] | - | - |
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Relouw, S.; Dugbartey, G.J.; Sener, A. Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities in Intravesical Murine Models of Bladder Cancer. Cancers 2023, 15, 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082381
Relouw S, Dugbartey GJ, Sener A. Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities in Intravesical Murine Models of Bladder Cancer. Cancers. 2023; 15(8):2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082381
Chicago/Turabian StyleRelouw, Sydney, George J. Dugbartey, and Alp Sener. 2023. "Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities in Intravesical Murine Models of Bladder Cancer" Cancers 15, no. 8: 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082381