Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Patients with Sarcoma in the United Kingdom
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants & Recruitment
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Fear of Cancer Recurrence
2.2.2. Activities of Daily Living
2.2.3. Psychology Impact
2.2.4. Psychological Flexibility
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Butow, P.; Sharpe, L.; Thewes, B.; Turner, J.; Gilchrist, J.; Beith, J. Fear of cancer recurrence: A practical guide for clinicians. Oncology 2018, 32, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lebel, S.; Ozakinci, G.; Humphris, G.; Mutsaers, B.; Thewes, B.; Prins, J.; Dinkel, A.; Butow, P. From normal response to clinical problem: Definition and clinical features of fear of cancer recurrence. Support. Care Cancer 2016, 24, 3265–3268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simard, S.; Savard, J. Screening and comorbidity of clinical levels of fear of cancer recurrence. J. Cancer Surviv. 2015, 9, 481–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koch, L.; Jansen, L.; Brenner, H.; Arndt, V. Fear of recurrence and disease progression in long-term (>=5 years) cancer survivors--a systematic review of quantitative studies. Psychooncology 2013, 22, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crist, J.V.; Grunfeld, E.A. Factors reported to influence fear of recurrence in cancer patients: A systematic review. Psychooncology 2013, 22, 978–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simard, S.; Thewes, B.; Humphris, G.; Dixon, M.; Hayden, C.; Mireskandari, S.; Ozakinci, G. Fear of cancer recurrence in adult cancer survivors: A systematic review of quantitative studies. J. Cancer Surviv. 2013, 7, 300–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Li, W.; Wen, Y.; Wang, H.; Sun, H.; Liang, W.; Zhang, B.; Humphris, G. Fear of cancer recurrence in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: A systematic review of the literature. Psychooncology 2019, 28, 675–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A.B.; Costa, D.; Galica, J.; Lebel, S.; Tauber, N.; van Helmondt, S.J.; Zachariae, R. Spotlight on the fear of cancer recurrence inventory (FCRI). Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2020, 13, 1257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, J.; Kamphuis, H.; Sharpe, L.; Lebel, S.; Smith, A.B.; Hulbert-Williams, N.; Dhillon, H.M.; Butow, P. Setting an international research agenda for fear of cancer recurrence: An online delphi consensus study. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 596682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, F.; Morgan, A.; McCullagh, A.; Johnson, A.; Giles, C.; Greenfield, D.; Crawford, G.; Gath, J.; Lyons, J.; Andreyev, J.; et al. Top 10 living with and beyond cancer research priorities. Cancer Res. 2019, 79 (Suppl. 13), 3348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trovik, C.S. Local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: A Scandinavian sarcoma group project. Acta Orthop. Scand. 2001, 72, 1–27. [Google Scholar]
- Burns, J.; Wilding, C.P.; Jones, R.L.; Huang, P.H. Proteomic research in sarcomas–current status and future opportunities. In Seminars in Cancer Biology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; Volume 61, pp. 56–70. [Google Scholar]
- Custers, J.A.E.; Tielen, R.; Prins, J.B.; de Wilt, J.H.W.; Gielissen, M.F.M.; van der Graaf Winette, T.A. Fear of progression in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Is extended lifetime related to the sword of damocles? Acta Oncol. 2015, 54, 1202–1208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Richter, D.; Clever, K.; Mehnert-Theuerkauf, A.; Schönfelder, A. Fear of Recurrence in Young Adult Cancer Patients—A Network Analysis. Cancers 2022, 14, 2092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, D.L.; Luberto, C.M.; Philpotts, L.L.; Song, R.; Park, E.R.; Yeh, G.Y. Mind-body interventions for fear of cancer recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychooncology 2018, 27, 2546–2558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Butow, P.N.; Turner, J.; Gilchrist, J.; Sharpe, L.; Smith, A.B.; Fardell, J.E.; Tesson, S.; O’Connell, R.; Girgis, A.; Gebski, V.J.; et al. Randomized trial of ConquerFear: A novel, theoretically based psychosocial intervention for fear of cancer recurrence. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 35, 4066–4077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arch, J.J.; Mitchell, J.L.; Genung, S.R.; Fisher, R.; Andorsky, D.J.; Stanton, A.L. A randomized controlled trial of a group acceptance-based intervention for cancer survivors experiencing anxiety at re-entry (‘valued living’): Study protocol. BMC Cancer 2019, 19, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawson, D.L.; Golijani-Moghaddam, N. COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. J. Context. Behav. Sci. 2020, 17, 126–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, S.C.; Luoma, J.B.; Bond, F.W.; Masuda, A.; Lillis, J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006, 44, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gloster, A.T.; Klotsche, J.; Chaker, S.; Hummel, K.V.; Hoyer, J. Assessing psychological flexibility: What does it add above and beyond existing constructs? Psychol. Assess. 2011, 23, 970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hulbert-Williams, N.J.; Storey, L.; Wilson, K.G. Psychological interventions for patients with cancer: Psychological flexibility and the potential utility of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2015, 24, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kashdan, T.B.; Rottenberg, J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2010, 30, 865–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Masuda, A.; Tully, E.C. The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. J. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 17, 66–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCracken, L.M.; Morley, S. The psychological flexibility model: A basis for integration and progress in psychological approaches to chronic pain management. J. Pain 2014, 15, 221–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hulbert-Williams, N.J.; Storey, L. Psychological flexibility correlates with patient-reported outcomes independent of clinical or sociodemographic characteristics. Support. Care Cancer 2016, 24, 2513–2521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, A.; Bennister, L.; Fern, L.A.; Gerrand, C.; Onasanya, M.; Storey, L.; Wells, M.; Whelan, J.S.; Windsor, R.; Woodford, J.; et al. Development of a patient-reported experience questionnaire for patients with sarcoma: The Sarcoma Assessment Measure (SAM). Qual. Life Res. 2020, 29, 2287–2297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simard, S.; Savard, J. Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory: Development and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of fear of cancer recurrence. Support Care Cancer 2009, 17, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, A.M.; Wright, J.G.; Williams, J.I.; Bombardier, C.; Griffin, A.; Bell, R.S. Development of a measure of physical function for patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma. Qual. Life Res. 1996, 5, 508–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suresh Nathan, S.; Tan Lay Hua, G.; Mei Yoke, C.; Mann Hong, T.; Peter Pereira, B. Outcome satisfaction in long-term survivors of oncologic limb salvage procedures. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2021, 30, e13377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, M.H.; Castle, D.J.; Choong, P.F. Identifying the prevalence, trajectory, and determinants of psychological distress in extremity sarcoma. Sarcoma 2015, 2015, 745163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, A.M.; Sennik, S.; Griffin, A.M.; Wunder, J.S.; O’Sullivan, B.; Catton, C.N.; Bell, R.S. Predictors of functional outcomes following limb salvage surgery for lower-extremity soft tissue sarcoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2000, 73, 206–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreiber, D.; Bell, R.S.; Wunder, J.S.; O’Sullivan, B.; Turcotte, R.; Masri, B.A.; Davis, A.M. Evaluating function and health related quality of life in patients treated for extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Qual. Life Res. 2006, 15, 1439–1446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hulbert-Williams, N.J.; Hulbert-Williams, L.; Whelen, L.; Mulcare, H. The Psychological Impact of Cancer (PIC) Scale: Development and comparative psychometric testing against the Mini-MAC Scale in UK and Australian cancer survivors. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. Res. Pract. 2019, 1, e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Francis, A.W.; Dawson, D.L.; Golijani-Moghaddam, N. The development and validation of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT). J. Context. Behav. Sci. 2016, 5, 134–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroska, E.B.; Roche, A.I.; Adamowicz, J.L.; Stegall, M.S. Psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19 adversity: Associations with distress. J. Contextual. Behav. Sci. 2020, 18, 28–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallett, R.; Coyle, C.; Kuang, Y.; Gillanders, D.T. Behind the masks: A cross-sectional study on intolerance of uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease and psychological flexibility in relation to state anxiety and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Context. Behav. Sci. 2021, 22, 52–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sevier-Guy, L.J.; Ferreira, N.; Somerville, C.; Gillanders, D. Psychological flexibility and fear of recurrence in prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2021, 30, e13483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wijayanti, T.; Afiyanti, Y.; Rahmah, H.; Milanti, A. Fear of cancer recurrence and social support among Indonesian gynecological cancer survivors. Arch. Oncol. 2018, 24, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farhane-Medina, N.Z.; Luque, B.; Tabernero, C.; Castillo-Mayén, R. Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review. Sci. Prog. 2022, 105, 00368504221135469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lebel, S.; Tomei, C.; Feldstain, A.; Beattie, S.; McCallum, M. Does fear of cancer recurrence predict cancer survivors’ health care use? Support. Care Cancer 2013, 21, 901–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Champagne, A.; Ivers, H.; Savard, J. Utilization of health care services in cancer patients with elevated fear of cancer recurrence. Psycho-Oncol. 2018, 27, 1958–1964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, J.I.; Chung, H.C.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, H.J.; Ahn, J.B.; Jeung, H.C.; Namkoong, K. Standardization of the Korean version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (K-Mini-MAC) scale: Factor structure, reliability and validity. Psycho-Oncol. J. Psychol. Soc. Behav. Dimens. Cancer 2008, 17, 592–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristic | Mean (SD)/n (%) |
---|---|
Age | 52.45 (14.7) |
Gender | |
Male | 61 (27%) |
Female | 168 (73%) |
Ethnicity | |
White | 216 (96%) |
Other | 9 (4%) |
Marital status | |
Married/in long-term relationship | 165 (73%) |
In a relationship but not cohabitating | 12 (5%) |
Single | 32 (14%) |
Widowed or divorced | 19 (8%) |
Employment status | |
Employed full time or part time | 133 (60%) |
Permanently sick/disabled | 26 (12%) |
Retired | 61 (28%) |
Caregiver status | |
Yes | 64 (29%) |
No | 153 (71%) |
Type of sarcoma | |
Soft tissue sarcoma | 167 (74%) |
Bone sarcoma | 25 (11%) |
GIST | 33 (15%) |
Time since diagnosis | |
<1 year | 14 (7%) |
2 to 5 years | 107 (51%) |
6 to 10 years | 57 (27%) |
>10 years | 31 (15%) |
Treatments received * | |
Surgery | 177 (77%) |
Radiotherapy | 16 (7%) |
Chemotherapy | 28 (12%) |
Other | 21 (9%) |
History of recurrence | |
Yes | 53 (24%) |
No | 149 (68%) |
Unknown | 17 (8%) |
History of metastatic disease | |
Yes | 58 (26%) |
No | 146 (66%) |
Unknown | 17 (8%) |
Amputation status | |
Yes | 18 (9%) |
No | 168 (79%) |
Not applicable | 26 (12%) |
Disability status | |
Not at all disabled | 87 (45%) |
Mildly to moderately disabled | 69 (35%) |
Severely or completely disabled | 39 (20%) |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | - | |||||||||||
2. Gender | −0.07 | - | ||||||||||
3. Marital status | −0.15 | 0.13 * | - | |||||||||
4. Time since diagnosis | 0.21 ** | −0.04 | 0.00 | - | ||||||||
5. Recurrence status | 0.17 * | 0.10 | −0.07 | 0.29 ** | - | |||||||
6. Disability status | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.16 * | 0.13 | −0.02 | - | ||||||
7. ADL impact | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.20 ** | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.72 ** | - | |||||
8. Cognitive distress | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 * | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.26 ** | 0.20 ** | - | ||||
9. Cognitive avoidance | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.02 | 0.24 | - | |||
10. Emotional distress | −0.19 ** | 0.22 ** | −0.03 | −0.16 * | 0.12 | 0.24 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.65 | 0.19 ** | - | ||
11. Fighting spirit | −0.12 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.20 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.10 | 0.24 ** | 0.27 ** | - | |
12. Psychological flexibility | 0.27 ** | −0.06 | −0.17 * | 0.12 | 0.10 | −0.14 * | −0.24 ** | −0.54 | −0.22 ** | −0.42 ** | −0.03 | - |
13. FCR | −0.18 * | 0.19 ** | 0.06 | −0.23 ** | 0.17 * | 0.20 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.15 * | 0.69 ** | 0.25 ** | −0.47 ** |
Factor | b | 95% CI | beta | 95% CI | sr2 | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 63.85 ** | [27.28, 100.43] | ||||
Age | 0.01 | [−0.19, 0.22] | 0.01 | [−0.11, 0.13] | 0.00 | [−0.00, 0.00] |
Gender | 2.84 | [−3.71, 9.40] | 0.05 | [−0.07, 0.17] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] |
Marital status + | −1.45 | [−8.86, 5.96] | −0.02 | [−0.14, 0.09] | 0.00 | [−0.00, 0.00] |
Time since diagnosis | −0.63 * | [−1.21, −0.04] | −0.13 | [−0.26, −0.01] | 0.01 | [−0.01, 0.04] |
Recurrence status | −9.73 * | [−17.54, −1.93] | −0.15 | [−0.27, −0.03] | 0.02 | [−0.01, 0.05] |
Disability status | 2.00 | [−2.91, 6.91] | 0.07 | [−0.10, 0.23] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] |
ADL impact | −2.03 | [−6.39, 2.34] | −0.08 | [−0.24, 0.09] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] |
Cognitive distress | 2.15 * | [0.26, 4.03] | 0.19 | [0.02, 0.35] | 0.02 | [−0.01, 0.04] |
Cognitive avoidance | −0.51 | [−1.95, 0.93] | −0.04 | [−0.16, 0.08] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] |
Emotional distress | 5.39 ** | [3.44, 7.34] | 0.44 | [0.28, 0.61] | 0.09 | [0.03, 0.15] |
Fighting spirit | 0.61 | [−1.02, 2.23] | 0.05 | [−0.08, 0.18] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.01] |
Psychological flexibility | −0.22 ** | [−0.38, −0.05] | −0.19 | [−0.33, −0.05] | 0.02 | [−0.01, 0.05] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Petrella, A.; Storey, L.; Hulbert-Williams, N.J.; Fern, L.A.; Lawal, M.; Gerrand, C.; Windsor, R.; Woodford, J.; Bradley, J.; O’Sullivan, H.; et al. Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Patients with Sarcoma in the United Kingdom. Cancers 2023, 15, 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030956
Petrella A, Storey L, Hulbert-Williams NJ, Fern LA, Lawal M, Gerrand C, Windsor R, Woodford J, Bradley J, O’Sullivan H, et al. Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Patients with Sarcoma in the United Kingdom. Cancers. 2023; 15(3):956. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030956
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrella, Anika, Lesley Storey, Nicholas J. Hulbert-Williams, Lorna A. Fern, Maria Lawal, Craig Gerrand, Rachael Windsor, Julie Woodford, Jennie Bradley, Hatty O’Sullivan, and et al. 2023. "Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Patients with Sarcoma in the United Kingdom" Cancers 15, no. 3: 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030956