Review of Outcomes after Salvage Surgery for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Definition of Recurrent Disease after Chemoradiation or Surgery and Chemoradiation
3. Diagnosis of Recurrent Disease
4. Salvage Surgery: Incidence
5. Salvage Surgery: Survival
- -
- Initial tumor stage: A lower initial tumor stage carries a more favorable outcome; the initial N3 stage has been shown to be a factor for lower overall survival after salvage surgery [10].
- -
- The stage of the recurrent tumor [8].
- -
- -
- HPV-positive disease: patients with HPV-positive disease have higher rates of disease-free survival after salvage surgery [30].
- -
- Resection margins after salvage surgery: high rates of R1 resection—14 to 40%—after salvage surgery have been reported by experienced teams despite wide, macroscopically complete resection [5,34]. An R1 resection has been shown in several studies to be an independent factor for poorer overall and disease-free survival [5]. However, in the study by Leeman et al., margin status or the presence of an extranodal extension after salvage surgery for oral cavity carcinoma was not shown to affect overall survival [3].
- -
- -
- Tumor location: disease-free survival after salvage surgery for laryngeal primary tumors has been shown to be significantly better than hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal tumors [8,9,34]. Higher overall survival rates have been reported in patients treated for isolated lymph node recurrences or isolated local recurrences without lymph node recurrence compared to simultaneous local and regional recurrences [5,6,8].
- -
6. Salvage Surgery: Elective Neck Dissection
7. Salvage Surgery: Morbidity
8. Salvage Surgery: Adjuvant Treatments
8.1. Re-Irradiation after Salvage Surgery
8.2. Adjuvant Chemotherapy after Salvage Surgery
8.3. Adjuvant Immunotherapy after Salvage Surgery
8.4. Other Treatments
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gregoire, V.; Lefebvre, J.L.; Licitra, L.; Felip, E.; Group, E.-E.-E.G.W. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol. 2010, 21 (Suppl. S5), v184–v186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machiels, J.P.; Rene Leemans, C.; Golusinski, W.; Grau, C.; Licitra, L.; Gregoire, V.; EHNS Executive Board. Electronic address: [email protected]; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Electronic address: [email protected]; ESTRO Executive Board. Electronic address: [email protected]. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1462–1475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leeman, J.E.; Li, J.G.; Pei, X.; Venigalla, P.; Zumsteg, Z.S.; Katsoulakis, E.; Lupovitch, E.; McBride, S.M.; Tsai, C.J.; Boyle, J.O.; et al. Patterns of Treatment Failure and Postrecurrence Outcomes among Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Chemoradiotherapy Using Modern Radiation Techniques. JAMA Oncol. 2017, 3, 1487–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beitler, J.J.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, K.K.; Trotti, A.; Spencer, S.A.; Jones, C.U.; Garden, A.S.; Shenouda, G.; Harris, J.; Ang, K.K. Final results of local-regional control and late toxicity of RTOG 9003: A randomized trial of altered fractionation radiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2014, 89, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, H.K.; Giger, R.; Auperin, A.; Bourhis, J.; Janot, F.; Temam, S. Salvage surgery after concomitant chemoradiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas—Stratification for postsalvage survival. Head Neck 2010, 32, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maruo, T.; Zenda, S.; Shinozaki, T.; Tomioka, T.; Okano, W.; Sakuraba, M.; Tahara, M.; Hayashi, R. Comparison of salvage surgery for recurrent or residual head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Jpn J. Clin. Oncol. 2020, 50, 288–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patil, V.M.; Noronha, V.; Thiagarajan, S.; Joshi, A.; Chandrasekharan, A.; Talreja, V.; Agarwal, J.; Ghosh-Laskar, S.; Budrukkar, A.; Juvekar, S.; et al. Salvage surgery in head and neck cancer: Does it improve outcomes? Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Surg. Oncol. Br. Assoc. Surg. Oncol. 2020, 46, 1052–1058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamoir, M.; Schmitz, S.; Suarez, C.; Strojan, P.; Hutcheson, K.A.; Rodrigo, J.P.; Mendenhall, W.M.; Simo, R.; Saba, N.F.; D’Cruz, A.K.; et al. The Current Role of Salvage Surgery in Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers 2018, 10, 267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazerolle, P.; Gorphe, P.; Vairel, B.; Dupret-Bories, A.; Temam, S.; Chaltiel, L.; Vergez, S. Management of the irradiated N0-neck during salvage pharyngo-laryngeal surgery. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Surg. Oncol. Br. Assoc. Surg. Oncol. 2020, 46, 1059–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richey, L.M.; Shores, C.G.; George, J.; Lee, S.; Couch, M.J.; Sutton, D.K.; Weissler, M.C. The effectiveness of salvage surgery after the failure of primary concomitant chemoradiation in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. Off. J. Am. Acad. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2007, 136, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, J.H.; Wu, C.C.; Yuan, K.S.; Wu, A.T.H.; Wu, S.Y. Locoregionally recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Incidence, survival, prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 55600–55612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigo, J.P.; Kowalski, L.P.; Silver, C.E.; de Bree, R.; Rinaldo, A.; Shaha, A.R.; Strojan, P.; Elsheikh, M.N.; Haigentz, M., Jr.; Sanabria, A.; et al. When is reoperative surgery not indicated for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma? Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2015, 272, 259–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janot, F.; de Raucourt, D.; Benhamou, E.; Ferron, C.; Dolivet, G.; Bensadoun, R.J.; Hamoir, M.; Gery, B.; Julieron, M.; Castaing, M.; et al. Randomized trial of postoperative reirradiation combined with chemotherapy after salvage surgery compared with salvage surgery alone in head and neck carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 5518–5523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tao, Y.; Faivre, L.; Laprie, A.; Boisselier, P.; Ferron, C.; Jung, G.M.; Racadot, S.; Gery, B.; Even, C.; Breuskin, I.; et al. Randomized trial comparing two methods of re-irradiation after salvage surgery in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Once daily split-course radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy or twice daily radiotherapy with cetuximab. Radiother. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol. 2018, 128, 467–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gorphe, P.; Moya-Plana, A.; Guerlain, J.; Tao, Y.; Nguyen, F.; Breuskin, I.; Blanchard, P.; Temam, S. Disease-free time stratification in locally recurrent head and neck carcinoma after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2022, 279, 3063–3069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coca-Pelaz, A.; Rodrigo, J.P.; Suarez, C.; Nixon, I.J.; Makitie, A.; Sanabria, A.; Quer, M.; Strojan, P.; Bradford, C.R.; Kowalski, L.P.; et al. The risk of second primary tumors in head and neck cancer: A systematic review. Head Neck 2020, 42, 456–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohde, M.; Rosenberg, T.; Pareek, M.; Nankivell, P.; Sharma, N.; Mehanna, H.; Godballe, C. Definition of locally recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and proposal for the Odense-Birmingham definition. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2020, 277, 1593–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.I.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.H.; Wu, H.G.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.; Eom, K.Y. Evaluation of Optimal Assessment Schedules for Surveillance after Definitive Locoregional Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study with Parametric Modeling of Event-Free Survival. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2022, 148, 1059–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flach, S.; Howarth, K.; Hackinger, S.; Pipinikas, C.; Ellis, P.; McLay, K.; Marsico, G.; Forshew, T.; Walz, C.; Reichel, C.A.; et al. Liquid BIOpsy for MiNimal RESidual DiSease Detection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LIONESS)—A personalised circulating tumour DNA analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 2022, 126, 1186–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zbaren, P.; Nuyens, M.; Curschmann, J.; Stauffer, E. Histologic characteristics and tumor spread of recurrent glottic carcinoma: Analysis on whole-organ sections and comparison with tumor spread of primary glottic carcinomas. Head Neck 2007, 29, 26–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, A.S.; Rath, T.J.; Hughes, M.A.; Kim, S.; Branstetter, B.F.t. Optimal timing of first posttreatment FDG PET/CT in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2016, 38 (Suppl. S1), E853–E858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rovira, A.; Tornero, J.; Taberna, M.; Oliva, M.; Montal, R.; Nogues, J.; Mari, A.; Vinals, J.M.; Lozano, A.; Manos, M.; et al. The potential role of imaging techniques in avoiding neck dissection during salvage surgery after head and neck carcinoma treated with bioradiotherapy. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2021, 135, 970–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fakhry, N.; Lussato, D.; Jacob, T.; Giorgi, R.; Giovanni, A.; Zanaret, M. Comparison between PET and PET/CT in recurrent head and neck cancer and clinical implications. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2007, 264, 531–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacas, B.; Carmel, A.; Landais, C.; Wong, S.J.; Licitra, L.; Tobias, J.S.; Burtness, B.; Ghi, M.G.; Cohen, E.E.W.; Grau, C.; et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): An update on 107 randomized trials and 19,805 patients, on behalf of MACH-NC Group. Radiother. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol. 2021, 156, 281–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Putten, L.; Bree, R.; Doornaert, P.A.; Buter, J.; Eerenstein, S.E.; Rietveld, D.H.; Kuik, D.J.; Leemans, C.R. Salvage surgery in post-chemoradiation laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma: Outcome and review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 2015, 35, 162–172. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Stoeckli, S.J.; Pawlik, A.B.; Lipp, M.; Huber, A.; Schmid, S. Salvage surgery after failure of nonsurgical therapy for carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000, 126, 1473–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sayles, M.; Grant, D.G. Preventing pharyngo-cutaneous fistula in total laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2014, 124, 1150–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leon, X.; Quer, M.; Orus, C.; Lopez, M.; Gras, J.R.; Vega, M. Results of salvage surgery for local or regional recurrence after larynx preservation with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Head Neck 2001, 23, 733–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esteller, E.; Vega, M.C.; Lopez, M.; Quer, M.; Leon, X. Salvage surgery after locoregional failure in head and neck carcinoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2011, 268, 295–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Ridder, M.; de Veij Mestdagh, P.D.; Elbers, J.B.W.; Navran, A.; Zuur, C.L.; Smeele, L.E.; Al-Mamgani, A. Disease course after the first recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following (chemo)radiation. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2020, 277, 261–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lupato, V.; Giacomarra, V.; Alfieri, S.; Fanetti, G.; Polesel, J. Prognostic factors in salvage surgery for recurrent head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2022, 169, 103550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akali, N.R.; Buggaveeti, R.; Sukumaran, S.V.; Balasubramanian, D.; Iyer, S.; Thankappan, K. Prior chemoradiotherapy and pathological perineural invasion predict the survival outcomes of salvage surgery in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2021, 43, 874–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoell, P.A.; Elsayad, K.; Berssenbruegge, H.; Hering, D.; Kittel, C.; Kleinheinz, J.; Bleckmann, A.; Evers, G.; Wardelmann, E.; Rudack, C.; et al. Efficacy of Multimodality Approach in Patients with Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2023, 43, 1255–1263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elbers, J.B.W.; Al-Mamgani, A.; van den Brekel, M.W.M.; Jozwiak, K.; de Boer, J.P.; Lohuis, P.; Willems, S.M.; Verheij, M.; Zuur, C.L. Salvage Surgery for Recurrence after Radiotherapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. Off. J. Am. Acad. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2019, 160, 1023–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elbers, J.B.W.; Veldhuis, L.I.; Bhairosing, P.A.; Smeele, L.E.; Jozwiak, K.; van den Brekel, M.W.M.; Verheij, M.; Al-Mamgani, A.; Zuur, C.L. Salvage surgery for advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy or chemoradiation. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2019, 276, 647–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulbul, M.G.; Genovese, T.J.; Hagan, K.; Rege, S.; Qureshi, A.; Varvares, M.A. Salvage surgery for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2022, 44, 275–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ronen, O.; Robbins, K.T.; de Bree, R.; Guntinas-Lichius, O.; Hartl, D.M.; Homma, A.; Khafif, A.; Kowalski, L.P.; Lopez, F.; Makitie, A.A.; et al. Standardization for oncologic head and neck surgery. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2021, 278, 4663–4669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meulemans, J.; Debacker, J.; Demarsin, H.; Vanclooster, C.; Neyt, P.; Mennes, T.; Vauterin, T.; Huvenne, W.; Laenen, A.; Delaere, P.; et al. Oncologic Outcomes after Salvage Laryngectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx and Hypopharynx: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2021, 28, 1751–1761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mimica, X.; Hanson, M.; Patel, S.G.; McGill, M.; McBride, S.; Lee, N.; Dunn, L.A.; Cracchiolo, J.R.; Shah, J.P.; Wong, R.J.; et al. Salvage surgery for recurrent larynx cancer. Head Neck 2019, 41, 3906–3915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quer, M.; Leon, X.; Casasayas, M.; Sansa, A.; Lopez, M.; Garcia Lorenzo, J. Salvage surgery in head and neck cancer: External validation of predictors of disease-specific survival. Oral Oncol. 2020, 109, 104876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lupato, V.; Polesel, J.; La Torre, F.B.; Fanetti, G.; Fratta, E.; Gobitti, C.; Baldassarre, G.; Vaccher, E.; Franchin, G.; Giacomarra, V. A pre-operative prognostic score for the selection of patients for salvage surgery after recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.; Kim, S.; Albergotti, W.G.; Choi, P.A.; Kaplan, D.J.; Abberbock, S.; Johnson, J.T.; Gildener-Leapman, N. Selection of Ideal Candidates for Surgical Salvage of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Effect of the Charlson-Age Comorbidity Index and Oncologic Characteristics on 1-Year Survival and Hospital Course. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015, 141, 1059–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, A.W.M.; Ng, W.T.; Chan, J.Y.W.; Corry, J.; Makitie, A.; Mendenhall, W.M.; Rinaldo, A.; Rodrigo, J.P.; Saba, N.F.; Strojan, P.; et al. Management of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2019, 79, 101890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Na’ara, S.; Amit, M.; Billan, S.; Cohen, J.T.; Gil, Z. Outcome of patients undergoing salvage surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014, 21, 3056–3062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taniguchi, A.N.; Sutton, S.R.; Nguyen, S.A.; Kejner, A.E.; Albergotti, W.G. The Lack of Standardized Outcomes for Surgical Salvage of HPV-Positive Recurrent Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Scoping Review. Cancers 2023, 15, 2832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, S.N.; Cohen, M.A.; Givi, B.; Dixon, B.J.; Gilbert, R.W.; Gullane, P.J.; Brown, D.H.; Irish, J.C.; de Almeida, J.R.; Higgins, K.M.; et al. Salvage surgery for locally recurrent oropharyngeal cancer. Head Neck 2016, 38 (Suppl. S1), E658–E664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zafereo, M.E.; Hanasono, M.M.; Rosenthal, D.I.; Sturgis, E.M.; Lewin, J.S.; Roberts, D.B.; Weber, R.S. The role of salvage surgery in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Cancer 2009, 115, 5723–5733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sweeny, L.; Rosenthal, E.L.; Clemons, L.; Stevens, T.M.; Cook McIntosh, E.R.; Carroll, W.R. Outcomes after surgical salvage for recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2016, 60, 118–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galloway, T.J.; Zhang, Q.E.; Nguyen-Tan, P.F.; Rosenthal, D.I.; Soulieres, D.; Fortin, A.; Silverman, C.L.; Daly, M.E.; Ridge, J.A.; Hammond, J.A.; et al. Prognostic Value of p16 Status on the Development of a Complete Response in Involved Oropharynx Cancer Neck Nodes after Cisplatin-Based Chemoradiation: A Secondary Analysis of NRG Oncology RTOG 0129. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2016, 96, 362–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, T.R.; Lee, S.; Tajudeen, B.A.; Stenson, K.; Bhayani, M.; Al-Khudari, S. Association of HPV status with survival after surgical salvage of oropharyngeal cancers. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 2022, 43, 103491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scharpf, J.; Ward, M.; Adelstein, D.; Koyfman, S.; Li, M. Elucidation of salvage laryngectomy pathologic and clinical variables to guide further treatment intensification investigation. Laryngoscope 2018, 128, 823–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russo, E.; Costantino, A.; Veneroni, M.V.; Festa, B.M.; Pellini, R.; Campo, F.; Petruzzi, G.; Spriano, G.; Mercante, G.; De Virgilio, A. Transoral Laser Microsurgery in Recurrent Laryngeal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2023, 133, 1425–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shapira, U.; Warshavsky, A.; Muhanna, N.; Oestreicher-Kedem, Y.; Nachalon, Y.; Ungar, O.J.; Safadi, A.; Carmel Neiderman, N.N.; Horowitz, G. Laryngectomy-free survival after salvage partial laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2022, 279, 3021–3027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- den Toom, I.J.; Boeve, K.; van Weert, S.; Bloemena, E.; Brouwers, A.H.; Hoekstra, O.S.; de Keizer, B.; van der Vegt, B.; Willems, S.M.; Leemans, C.R.; et al. High rate of unexpected lymphatic drainage patterns and a high accuracy of the sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer after previous neck treatment. Oral Oncol. 2019, 94, 68–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weisz Shabtay, N.; Ronen, O. Level IV neck dissection as an elective treatment for oral tongue carcinoma-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2020, 130, 363–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.; Puram, S.V.; Bulbul, M.G.; Sethi, R.K.; Rocco, J.W.; Old, M.O.; Kang, S.Y. Elective neck dissection for salvage laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2019, 96, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gross, J.H.; Vila, P.M.; Simon, L.; Rizvi, Z.H.; Zenga, J.; Jackson, R.S.; Pipkorn, P. Elective neck dissection during salvage laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2020, 130, 899–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies-Husband, C.R.; Drinnan, M.; King, E. Elective neck dissection for salvage total laryngectomy: A systematic review, meta-analysis and “decision-to-treat” approach. Clin. Otolaryngol. Off. J. Off. J. Neth. Soc. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Cervico-Facial Surg. 2020, 45, 558–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dasse, R.; Dupin, C.; Gorphe, P.; Temam, S.; Dupret-Bories, A.; Vergez, S.; Dufour, X.; Aubry, K.; de Mones, E. Proposal for an algorithm to avoid neck dissection during salvage total laryngectomy. A GETTEC multicentric study. Oral Oncol. 2022, 133, 106026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Locatello, L.G.; Mastronicola, R.; Cortese, S.; Beulque, E.; Salleron, J.; Gallo, O.; Dolivet, G. Estimating the risks and benefits before salvage surgery for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Eur. Soc. Surg. Oncol. Br. Assoc. Surg. Oncol. 2021, 47, 1718–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sifrer, R.; Strojan, P.; Tancer, I.; Dolenc, M.; Fugina, S.; Zore, S.B.; Anicin, A. The Incidence and the Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula following Primary and Salvage Total Laryngectomy. Cancers 2023, 15, 2246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamoir, M.; Holvoet, E.; Ambroise, J.; Lengele, B.; Schmitz, S. Salvage surgery in recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Oncologic outcome and predictors of disease free survival. Oral Oncol. 2017, 67, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gilbert, M.R.; Sturm, J.J.; Gooding, W.E.; Johnson, J.T.; Kim, S. Pectoralis major myofascial onlay and myocutaneous flaps and pharyngocutaneous fistula in salvage laryngectomy. Laryngoscope 2014, 124, 2680–2686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, S.; Chaukar, D.A.; Laskar, S.G.; Kapre, N.; Deshmukh, A.; Pai, P.; Chaturvedi, P.; D’Cruz, A. Role of the pectoralis major myofascial flap in preventing pharyngocutaneous fistula following salvage laryngectomy. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2016, 130, 860–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, U.A.; Moore, B.A.; Wax, M.; Rosenthal, E.; Sweeny, L.; Militsakh, O.N.; Califano, J.A.; Lin, A.C.; Hasney, C.P.; Butcher, R.B.; et al. Impact of pharyngeal closure technique on fistula after salvage laryngectomy. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2013, 139, 1156–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paleri, V.; Drinnan, M.; van den Brekel, M.W.; Hinni, M.L.; Bradley, P.J.; Wolf, G.T.; de Bree, R.; Fagan, J.J.; Hamoir, M.; Strojan, P.; et al. Vascularized tissue to reduce fistula following salvage total laryngectomy: A systematic review. Laryngoscope 2014, 124, 1848–1853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Microvascular Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. Salvage laryngectomy and laryngopharyngectomy: Multicenter review of outcomes associated with a reconstructive approach. Head Neck 2019, 41, 16–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williamson, A.; Jashek-Ahmed, F.; Hardman, J.; Paleri, V. Functional and quality-of-life outcomes following salvage surgery for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2023, 280, 4597–4618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodwin, W.J., Jr. Salvage surgery for patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: When do the ends justify the means? Laryngoscope 2000, 110, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, H.; Ford, S.; Bush, B.; Holsinger, F.C.; Moore, E.; Ghanem, T.; Carroll, W.; Rosenthal, E.; Sweeny, L.; Magnuson, J.S. Salvage surgery for recurrent cancers of the oropharynx: Comparing TORS with standard open surgical approaches. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2013, 139, 773–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fink, D.S.; Sibley, H.; Kunduk, M.; Schexnaildre, M.; Sutton, C.; Kakade-Pawar, A.; McWhorter, A.J. Functional Outcomes after Salvage Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. Off. J. Am. Acad. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2016, 155, 606–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McSpadden, R.; Zender, C.; Eskander, A. AHNS series: Do you know your guidelines? Guideline recommendations for recurrent and persistent head and neck cancer after primary treatment. Head Neck 2019, 41, 7–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strojan, P.; Beitler, J.J.; Silver, C.E.; Mendenhall, W.M.; Shaha, A.R.; Rinaldo, A.; Takes, R.P.; Ferlito, A. When is re-irradiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma not indicated? Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. 2014, 271, 3107–3109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanvetyanon, T.; Padhya, T.; McCaffrey, J.; Zhu, W.; Boulware, D.; Deconti, R.; Trotti, A. Prognostic factors for survival after salvage reirradiation of head and neck cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 1983–1991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pellizzon, A.C.; Salvajoli, J.V.; Kowalski, L.P.; Carvalho, A.L. Salvage for cervical recurrences of head and neck cancer with dissection and interstitial high dose rate brachytherapy. Radiat. Oncol. 2006, 1, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patil, V.; Noronha, V.; Joshi, A.; Menon, N.; Mathrudev, V.; Bhattacharjee, A.; Chandrasekharan, A.; Vallathol, D.; Dsouza, H.; Srinivas, S.; et al. RMAC study: A randomized study for evaluation of metronomic adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancers post salvage surgical resection in those who are ineligible for re-irradiation. Oral Oncol. 2022, 128, 105816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferris, R.L.; Blumenschein, G., Jr.; Fayette, J.; Guigay, J.; Colevas, A.D.; Licitra, L.; Harrington, K.; Kasper, S.; Vokes, E.E.; Even, C.; et al. Nivolumab for Recurrent Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. New Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 1856–1867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gillison, M.L.; Blumenschein, G.; Fayette, J.; Guigay, J.; Colevas, A.D.; Licitra, L.; Harrington, K.J.; Kasper, S.; Vokes, E.E.; Even, C.; et al. Long-term Outcomes with Nivolumab as First-line Treatment in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer: Subgroup Analysis of CheckMate 141. Oncologist 2022, 27, e194–e198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leddon, J.L.; Gulati, S.; Haque, S.; Allen, C.; Palackdharry, S.; Mathews, M.; Kurtzweil, N.; Riaz, M.K.; Takiar, V.; Nagasaka, M.; et al. Phase II Trial of Adjuvant Nivolumab Following Salvage Resection in Patients with Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2022, 28, 3464–3472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hanna, G.J.; O’Neill, A.; Shin, K.Y.; Wong, K.; Jo, V.Y.; Quinn, C.T.; Cutler, J.M.; Flynn, M.; Lizotte, P.H.; Annino, D.J., Jr.; et al. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Nivolumab and Lirilumab in Patients with Recurrent, Resectable Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2022, 28, 468–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ClinicalTrials.gov. Available online: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03406247 (accessed on 1 July 2023).
- ClinicalTrials.gov. Available online: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04671667 (accessed on 1 July 2023).
- Saba, N.F.; Mendenhall, W.M.; Hutcheson, K.; Suarez, C.; Wolf, G.; Ferlito, A. Salvage surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the era of immunotherapy: Is it time to clarify our guidelines? Cancer 2018, 124, 4163–4164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malouff, T.D.; Seneviratne, D.S.; Ebner, D.K.; Stross, W.C.; Waddle, M.R.; Trifiletti, D.M.; Krishnan, S. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A Review of Clinical Applications. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 601820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramsay, D.; Stevenson, H.; Jerjes, W. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research: Photodynamic Therapy Applications in Head and Neck Malignancies and Vascular Anomalies. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biel, M.A. Photodynamic therapy of head and neck cancers. Methods Mol. Biol. 2010, 635, 281–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Factor | |
---|---|
Patient age | <58–65 years |
Initial and recurrent tumor stage | Lower stages generally have more favorable outcomes |
HPV-positive disease | Oropharyngeal carcinomas |
Tumor location | Laryngeal primaries (glottic, in particular) |
Nodal and/or local recurrence | Isolated nodal or local recurrence are more favorable than combined local and nodal recurrence |
Time elapsed from initial radiation therapy | >1 or >2 years |
Resection margins | R0 resection (contradicting studies) |
Perineural invasion | The absence of perineural invasion is more favorable |
Initial Tumor Location | Salvage | Outcomes [References] |
---|---|---|
Nasopharynx | Surgery alone | 5-year OS*: 56.3% [43] |
Surgery alone | 5-year OS: 39% [44] | |
Surgery + re-irradiation | 5-year OS: 63% [44] | |
Oropharynx | Surgery | 3-year OS: 48.7% [47] |
Re-irradiation alone | 3-year OS: 31.6% [47] | |
Oropharynx HPV+ | Surgery | 5-year OS: 27–43% [48,50] |
Larynx | Salvage total laryngectomy | 2-year OS: 65% [51] 5-year OS: 47.7% [38] |
Salvage transoral surgery | 5-year DSS*: 50.9% [52] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hartl, D.M.; Guerlain, J.; Gorphe, P.; Kapre, M.; Kapre Gupta, N.; Saba, N.F.; Robbins, K.T.; Ronen, O.; Rodrigo, J.P.; Strojan, P.; et al. Review of Outcomes after Salvage Surgery for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Cancers 2023, 15, 4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194692
Hartl DM, Guerlain J, Gorphe P, Kapre M, Kapre Gupta N, Saba NF, Robbins KT, Ronen O, Rodrigo JP, Strojan P, et al. Review of Outcomes after Salvage Surgery for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Cancers. 2023; 15(19):4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194692
Chicago/Turabian StyleHartl, Dana M., Joanne Guerlain, Philippe Gorphe, Madan Kapre, Neeti Kapre Gupta, Nabil F. Saba, K. Thomas Robbins, Ohad Ronen, Juan P. Rodrigo, Primož Strojan, and et al. 2023. "Review of Outcomes after Salvage Surgery for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck" Cancers 15, no. 19: 4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194692
APA StyleHartl, D. M., Guerlain, J., Gorphe, P., Kapre, M., Kapre Gupta, N., Saba, N. F., Robbins, K. T., Ronen, O., Rodrigo, J. P., Strojan, P., Mäkitie, A. A., Kowalski, L. P., Shah, J. P., & Ferlito, A. (2023). Review of Outcomes after Salvage Surgery for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Cancers, 15(19), 4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194692