Next Article in Journal
Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Meningiomas
Previous Article in Journal
Bile Acids and Microbiota Interplay in Pancreatic Cancer
Previous Article in Special Issue
Feasibility of Perineal Defect Reconstruction with Simplified Fasciocutaneous Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator (IGAP) Flaps after Tumor Resection of the Lower Rectum: Incidence and Outcome in an Interdisciplinary Approach
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Editorial

Special Issue “Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer”

Colorectal Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Cancers 2023, 15(14), 3574; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143574
Submission received: 10 July 2023 / Accepted: 11 July 2023 / Published: 12 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer)
As expected, surgery for low or ultralow disease remains a challenging issue in rectal cancer treatment. Indeed, achieving sphincter-preserving surgery in this setting is a major goal in terms of quality of life, and three novel approaches to reaching this goal are discussed in the present Special Issue. First, intersphincteric resection (ISR) has expanded the scope of sphincter-preserving surgery to include ultralow rectal cancer. ISR is not a novel technique in rectal cancer surgery, but thanks to the accuracy and gentleness of dissection made possible by robotic platforms, ISR is rapidly establishing itself as an intriguing alternative to abdominoperineal resection in selected cases, as discussed by Piozzi and colleagues in their review [1]. Robotic surgery is one of the most important advances in recent years for rectal cancer surgery, as it allows for a reduction of the risk of involved distal or circumferential margins as well as intraoperative or postoperative complications, as highlighted by Huang et al.’s long-term experience in their multicenter study [2].
The second approach to maximizing the likelihood of sphincter-saving rectal surgery is to increase neoadjuvant treatment by providing both chemotherapy and chemoradiation before surgery to further improve downstaging—this is known as total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT). Indeed, as reported by Falk et al. [3], TNT could provide both increased distant control and a higher pathologic complete response rate, paving the way for organ-sparing procedures, from minimally invasive transanal local excisions to “watch and wait” strategies. However, as Sclafani and colleagues point out, what is currently lacking is the ability to properly select those patients who will benefit from TNT and allow for personalized escalation of neoadjuvant treatments [4]. In other words, considering its possible toxicities, TNT is unlikely to be a “one size fits all” strategy that should be routinely administered to all patients.
The third approach for increasing the rate of sphincter-saving surgery is a change of perspective regarding the role of the distal margin. Clear margins are essential in rectal cancer surgery, but Sorrentino and co-authors [5] demonstrate that a distal margin of 1 mm may be sufficient in selected patients who have a major/complete response after neoadjuvant treatment. Thus, if a distal margin of 1 mm is found on final pathology after surgery for low/ultralow rectal cancer, complete abdominoperineal resection may be avoided in such patients.
Another major point of this Special Issue is the confirmation that rectal cancer treatment is multimodal, with various actors (medical and radiation oncologists, liver surgeons, and reconstructive surgeons) playing roles at different stages of the disease, from early to locally advanced and/or metastatic rectal cancer, as discussed by Wlodarczyk and Lee [6]. As reported by Meldolesi and colleagues [7], treatment of rectal cancer could involve radiation oncologists not only for standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, but also to deliver a radiotherapy boost on lateral pelvic nodes in cases of clinical involvement at baseline, ensuring improved disease control without surgical excision. In addition, the role of liver surgeons in the multimodal treatment of rectal cancer has grown in recent years, pushing the indication for curative liver resection all the way up to liver transplantation for accurately selected patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases, as summarized well by Maspero et al. in their review [8]. The multimodal management of rectal cancer includes not only preoperative treatments and surgery, but also adjuvant therapy. Identifying which patients will benefit from adjuvant treatment after neoadjuvant chemoradiation, on the other hand, remains an unmet medical need. Sung et al. shed light on this topic, demonstrating that adjuvant chemotherapy improves overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with perineural invasion and/or a positive surgical margin [9].
A poorly investigated aspect is the enhanced recovery after rectal surgery, which is burdened by the possibility of major complications. Interestingly, Ceresoli et al. reported that low compliance with enhanced recovery protocols is associated with open or long-lasting surgery and advanced age, and it may increase the rate of postoperative complications, implying that there is room for improvement in this setting [10].
Another instance is the management of rectal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Colletti and colleagues demonstrated that rectal cancer can occur in FAP patients treated by total colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis, but it can be easily managed with rectal-saving procedures such as endoscopic resection [11].
Finally, innovations are required for patients for whom sphincter-saving surgery is not possible. Thiel et al. reported their relevant experience with a simplified fasciocutaneous inferior gluteal artery perforator flap for perineal reconstruction after extralevator abdominoperineal resection, demonstrating the feasibility of a tailored approach in reconstructive surgery for a wide perineal defect [12].
We are now at the end of this long journey that began two years ago.
This Special Issue was created with the aim of highlighting various issues associated with the multidisciplinary management of this cancer.
We hope to have accomplished this difficult task.
Finally, I would like to thank all of the contributors for their outstanding work and impressive experience in the management and treatment of a still widespread and complex disease.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Piozzi, G.N.; Baek, S.J.; Kwak, J.M.; Kim, J.; Kim, S.H. Anus-Preserving Surgery in Advanced Low-Lying Rectal Cancer: A Perspective on Oncological Safety of Intersphincteric Resection. Cancers 2021, 13, 4793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Huang, C.W.; Wei, P.L.; Chen, C.C.; Kuo, L.J.; Wang, J.Y. Clinical Safety and Effectiveness of Robotic-Assisted Surgery in Patients with Rectal Cancer: Real-World Experience over 8 Years of Multiple Institutions with High-Volume Robotic-Assisted Surgery. Cancers 2022, 14, 4175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Roeder, F.; Gerum, S.; Hecht, S.; Huemer, F.; Jäger, T.; Kaufmann, R.; Klieser, E.; Koch, O.O.; Neureiter, D.; Emmanuel, K.; et al. How We Treat Localized Rectal Cancer—An Institutional Paradigm for Total Neoadjuvant Therapy. Cancers 2022, 14, 5709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Sclafani, F.; Corrò, C.; Koessler, T. Debating Pros and Cons of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer. Cancers 2021, 13, 6361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Sorrentino, L.; Sileo, A.; Daveri, E.; Battaglia, L.; Guaglio, M.; Centonze, G.; Sabella, G.; Patti, F.; Villa, S.; Milione, M.; et al. Impact of Microscopically Positive (<1 mm) Distal Margins on Disease Recurrence in Rectal Cancer Treated by Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers 2023, 15, 1828. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  6. Wlodarczyk, J.R.; Lee, S.W. New Frontiers in Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cancers 2022, 14, 938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Meldolesi, E.; Chiloiro, G.; Giannini, R.; Menghi, R.; Persiani, R.; Corvari, B.; Coco, C.; Manfrida, S.; Ratto, C.; De Luca, V.; et al. The Role of Simultaneous Integrated Boost in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients with Positive Lateral Pelvic Lymph Nodes. Cancers 2022, 14, 1643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Maspero, M.; Sposito, C.; Virdis, M.; Citterio, D.; Pietrantonio, F.; Bhoori, S.; Belli, F.; Mazzaferro, V. Liver Transplantation for Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Current Knowledge and Open Issues. Cancers 2023, 15, 345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Sung, S.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Jang, H.S.; Song, J.H.; Jeong, S.; Jung, J.H.; Lee, J.H. Pathologic Implications of Radial Resection Margin and Perineural Invasion to Adjuvant Chemotherapy after Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Surgery for Rectal Cancer: A Multi-Institutional and Case-Matched Control Study. Cancers 2022, 14, 4112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Ceresoli, M.; Pedrazzani, C.; Pellegrino, L.; Muratore, A.; Ficari, F.; Polastri, R.; Scatizzi, M.; Totis, M.; Tamini, N.; Ripamonti, L.; et al. Early Postoperative Low Compliance to Enhanced Recovery Pathway in Rectal Cancer Patients. Cancers 2022, 14, 5736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Colletti, G.; Ciniselli, C.M.; Signoroni, S.; Cocco, I.M.F.; Magarotto, A.; Ricci, M.T.; Brignola, C.; Bagatin, C.; Cattaneo, L.; Mancini, A.; et al. Prevalence and Management of Cancer of the Rectal Stump after Total Colectomy and Rectal Sparing in Patients with Familial Polyposis: Results from a Registry-Based Study. Cancers 2022, 14, 298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Thiel, J.T.; Welskopf, H.L.; Yurttas, C.; Farzaliyev, F.; Daigeler, A.; Bachmann, R. Feasibility of Perineal Defect Reconstruction with Simplified Fasciocutaneous Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator (IGAP) Flaps after Tumor Resection of the Lower Rectum: Incidence and Outcome in an Interdisciplinary Approach. Cancers 2023, 15, 3345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Belli, F. Special Issue “Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer”. Cancers 2023, 15, 3574. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143574

AMA Style

Belli F. Special Issue “Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer”. Cancers. 2023; 15(14):3574. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143574

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belli, Filiberto. 2023. "Special Issue “Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer”" Cancers 15, no. 14: 3574. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143574

APA Style

Belli, F. (2023). Special Issue “Current Management of Early and Advanced Rectal Cancer”. Cancers, 15(14), 3574. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143574

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop