Current Surgical Indications for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Principles of Surgical Therapy for Lung Cancer
3. Staging and Classification of Lung Cancer
4. Surgical Indication by Stage
4.1. Stage I
4.1.1. Stage Ia
4.1.2. Stage Ib
4.2. Stage II
4.3. Novel Complementary Therapies for Resectable Stage II and III NSCLC
4.4. Stage III
4.4.1. Stage III Resectable Disease
4.4.2. Stage III Unresectable Disease
4.5. Stage IV
5. Special Considerations
5.1. Pancoast (Superior Sulcus) Tumors
5.2. Salvage Surgical Management
6. The Therapeutic Future of Lung Cancer
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Thai, A.A.; Solomon, B.J.; Sequist, L.V.; Gainor, J.F.; Heist, R.S. Lung cancer. Lancet 2021, 398, 535–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ginsberg, R.J.; Rubinstein, L.V. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995, 60, 615–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altorki, N.K.; Wang, X.; Wigle, D.; Gu, L.; Darling, G.; Ashrafi, A.S.; Landrenau, R.; Miller, D.; Liberman, M.; Jones, D.R.; et al. Perioperative mortality and morbidity after sublobar versus lobar resection for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: Post-hoc analysis of an international, randomised, phase 3 trial (CALGB/Alliance 140503). Lancet Respir. Med. 2018, 6, 915–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altorki, N.K.; Yip, R.; Hanaoka, T.; Bauer, T.; Aye, R.; Kohman, L.; Sheppard, B.; Thurer, R.; Andaz, S.; Smith, M.; et al. Sublobar resection is equivalent to lobectomy for clinical stage 1A lung cancer in solid nodules. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014, 147, 754–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kamel, M.K.; Lee, B.; Harrison, S.W.; Port, J.L.; Altorki, N.K.; Stiles, B.M. Sublobar resection is comparable to lobectomy for screen-detected lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehran, R.J.; Martin, L.W.; Baker, C.M.; Mena, G.E.; Rice, D.C. Pain Management in an Enhanced Recovery Pathway After Thoracic Surgical Procedures. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2016, 102, e595–e596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rice, D.; Rodriguez-Restrepo, A.; Mena, G.; Cata, J.; Thall, P.; Milton, D.; Correa, A.; Woodard, T.; Antonoff, M.; Hofstetter, W.; et al. Matched Pairs Comparison of an Enhanced Recovery Pathway Versus Conventional Management on Opioid Exposure and Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Lung Surgery. Ann. Surg. 2020, 274, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Haren, R.M.; Mehran, R.J.; Mena, G.E.; Correa, A.M.; Antonoff, M.B.; Baker, C.M.; Woodard, T.C.; Hofstetter, W.L.; Roth, J.A.; Sepesi, B.; et al. Enhanced Recovery Decreases Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications After Thoracotomy for Lung Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2018, 106, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marcus, R.K.; Lillemoe, H.A.; Rice, D.C.; Mena, G.; Bednarski, B.K.; Speer, B.B.; Ramirez, P.T.; LaSala, J.D.; Navai, N.; Williams, W.; et al. Determining the Safety and Efficacy of Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Major Oncologic Surgery: An Institutional NSQIP Analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2019, 26, 782–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, D.B.; Mehran, R.J.; Mitchell, K.G.; Correa, A.M.; Sepesi, B.; Antonoff, M.B.; Rice, D.C. Enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery is associated with improved adjuvant chemotherapy completion for non–small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2019, 158, 279–286.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.-L.; Tsuboi, M.; He, J.; John, T.; Grohe, C.; Majem, M.; Goldman, J.W.; Laktionov, K.; Kim, S.-W.; Kato, T.; et al. Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 1711–1723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shu, C.A.; Gainor, J.F.; Awad, M.M.; Chiuzan, C.; Grigg, C.M.; Pabani, A.; Garofano, R.F.; Stoopler, M.B.; Cheng, S.K.; White, A.; et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab and chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: An open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 786–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darling, G.E.; Allen, M.S.; Decker, P.A.; Ballman, K.; Malthaner, R.A.; Inculet, R.I.; Jones, D.R.; McKenna, R.J.; Landreneau, R.J.; Putnam, J.B. Number of Lymph Nodes Harvested from a Mediastinal Lymphadenectomy: Results of the Randomized, Prospective American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. Chest 2011, 139, 1124–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Darling, G.E.; Allen, M.S.; Decker, P.A.; Ballman, K.; Malthaner, R.A.; Inculet, R.I.; Jones, D.R.; McKenna, R.J.; Landreneau, R.J.; Rusch, V.; et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non–small cell carcinoma: Results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011, 141, 662–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Greene, F.L.; Page, D.L.; Fleming, I.D.; Fritz, A.G.; Balch, C.M.; Haller, D.G.; Morrow, M. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 6th ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Amin, M.B.; Edge, S.B.; Greene, F.L.; Byrd, D.R.; Brookland, R.K.; Washington, M.K.; Gershenwald, J.E.; Compton, C.C.; Hess, K.R.; Sullivan, D.C.; et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Lababede, O.; Meziane, M.A. The Eighth Edition of TNM Staging of Lung Cancer: Reference Chart and Diagrams. Oncologist 2018, 23, 844–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Varlotto, J.M.; Recht, A.; Flickinger, J.; Medford-Davis, L.; Dyer, A.-M.; DeCamp, M.M. Lobectomy leads to optimal survival in early-stage small cell lung cancer: A retrospective analysis. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011, 142, 538–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chan, M.V.; Huo, Y.R.; Cao, C.; Ridley, L. Survival outcomes for surgical resection versus CT-guided percutaneous ablation for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Radiol. 2021, 31, 5421–5433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hennon, M.; Landreneau, R.J. Role of Segmentectomy in Treatment of Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2017, 25, 59–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, J.; Yuan, P.; Wang, Y.; Xu, J.; Yuan, X.; Wang, Z.; Lv, W.; Hu, J. Survival Rates After Lobectomy, Segmentectomy, and Wedge Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2018, 105, 1483–1491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, F.; Zhao, Y.; Yuan, L.; Wang, S.; Mao, Y. Oncologic outcomes of segmentectomy vs lobectomy in pathologic stage IA (≤2 cm) invasive lung adenocarcinoma: A population-based study. J. Surg. Oncol. 2020, 121, 1132–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, F.; Ye, P.; Yang, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhang, C.; Lv, X.; Hu, J. Segmentectomy or lobectomy for early stage lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2014, 46, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kodama, K.; Higashiyama, M.; Okami, J.; Tokunaga, T.; Imamura, F.; Nakayama, T.; Inoue, A.; Kuriyama, K. Oncologic Outcomes of Segmentectomy Versus Lobectomy for Clinical T1a N0 M0 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2016, 101, 504–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Feng, J.; Wang, L.-F.; Han, T.-Y.; Wang, Y.; Wu, X.-Y.; Lv, F.; Liu, Y.; Chen, B.-H. Survival Outcomes of Lobectomy Versus Segmentectomy in Clinical Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Adv. Ther. 2021, 38, 4130–4137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landreneau, R.J.; Normolle, D.P.; Christie, N.A.; Awais, O.; Wizorek, J.J.; Abbas, G.; Pennathur, A.; Shende, M.; Weksler, B.; Luketich, J.D.; et al. Recurrence and Survival Outcomes After Anatomic Segmentectomy Versus Lobectomy for Clinical Stage I Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 2449–2455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chan, E.G.; Chan, P.G.; Mazur, S.N.; Normolle, D.P.; Luketich, J.D.; Landreneau, R.J.; Schuchert, M.J. Outcomes with segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with clinical T1cN0M0 non–small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2021, 161, 1639–1648.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comparison of Different Types of Surgery in Treating Patients with Stage IA Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00499330 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Shigemura, N.; Akashi, A.; Funaki, S.; Nakagiri, T.; Inoue, M.; Sawabata, N.; Shiono, H.; Minami, M.; Takeuchi, Y.; Okumura, M.; et al. Long-term outcomes after a variety of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy approaches for clinical stage IA lung cancer: A multi-institutional study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2006, 132, 507–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fiorelli, A.; Caronia, F.P.; Daddi, N.; Loizzi, D.; Ampollini, L.; Ardò, N.; Ventura, L.; Carbognani, P.; Potenza, R.; Ardissone, F.; et al. Sublobar resection versus lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: An appropriate choice in elderly patients? Surg. Today 2016, 46, 1370–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuritzky, A.M.; Aswad, B.I.; Jones, R.N.; Ng, T. Lobectomy by Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery vs Muscle-Sparing Thoracotomy for Stage I Lung Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2015, 220, 1044–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.-X.; Woo, K.M.; Sima, C.S.; Bains, M.S.; Adusumilli, P.S.; Huang, J.; Finley, D.J.; Rizk, N.P.; Rusch, V.; Jones, D.R.; et al. Long-term Survival Based on the Surgical Approach to Lobectomy for Clinical Stage I Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer: Comparison of Robotic, Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracotomy Lobectomy. Ann. Surg. 2017, 265, 431–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chang, J.Y.; Senan, S.; Paul, M.A.; Mehran, R.J.; Louie, A.V.; Balter, P.; Groen, H.J.M.; McRae, S.E.E.; Widder, J.; Feng, L.; et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: A pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2015, 16, 630–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chang, J.Y.; Mehran, R.J.; Feng, L.; Verma, V.; Liao, Z.; Welsh, J.W.; Lin, S.H.; O’Reilly, M.S.; Jeter, M.D.; Balter, P.A.; et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (revised STARS): Long-term results of a single-arm, prospective trial with prespecified comparison to surgery. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 1448–1457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deeb, K.K.; Hohman, C.M.; Risch, N.F.; Metzger, D.J.; Starostik, P. Routine Clinical Mutation Profiling of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2015, 139, 913–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiles, B.M.; Mao, J.; Harrison, S.; Lee, B.; Port, J.L.; Altorki, N.K.; Sedrakyan, A. Sublobar resection for node-negative lung cancer 2–5 cm in size. Eur. J. Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2019, 56, 858–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paul, S.; Altorki, N.K.; Sheng, S.; Lee, P.C.; Harpole, D.H.; Onaitis, M.W.; Stiles, B.M.; Port, J.L.; D’Amico, T.A. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity than open lobectomy: A propensity-matched analysis from the STS database. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2010, 139, 366–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gilligan, D.; Nicolson, M.; Smith, I.; Groen, H.J.; Dalesio, O.; Goldstraw, P.; Hatton, M.; Hopwood, P.; Manegold, C.; Schramel, F.; et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer: Results of the MRC LU22/NVALT 2/EORTC 08012 multicentre randomised trial and update of systematic review. Lancet 2007, 369, 1929–1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scagliotti, G.V.; Pastorino, U.; Vansteenkiste, J.F.; Spaggiari, L.; Facciolo, F.; Orlowski, T.M.; Maiorino, L.; Hetzel, M.; Leschinger, M.; Visseren-Grul, C.; et al. Randomized Phase III Study of Surgery Alone or Surgery Plus Preoperative Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in Stages IB to IIIA Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30, 172–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strauss, G.M.; Ii, J.E.H.; Maddaus, M.A.; Johnstone, D.W.; Johnson, E.A.; Harpole, D.H.; Gillenwater, H.H.; Watson, D.M.; Sugarbaker, D.J.; Schilsky, R.L.; et al. Adjuvant Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Compared with Observation in Stage IB Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: CALGB 9633 With the Cancer and Leukemia Group B, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, and North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study Groups. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 5043–5051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Strauss, G.M.; Wang, X.F.; Maddaus, M.; Johnstone, D.; Johnson, E.; Harpole, D.; Gillenwater, H.H.; Gu, L.; Sugarbaker, D.; Green, M.R.; et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Long-term follow-up of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9633. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 7015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Howington, J.A.; Blum, M.G.; Chang, A.; Balekian, A.A.; Murthy, S.C. Treatment of Stage I and II Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013, 143, e278S–e313S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pignon, J.-P.; Tribodet, H.; Scagliotti, G.V.; Douillard, J.-Y.; Shepherd, F.A.; Stephens, R.J.; Dunant, A.; Torri, V.; Rosell, R.; Seymour, L.; et al. Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation: A Pooled Analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 3552–3559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, E.H.; Corso, C.D.; Rutter, C.E.; Park, H.S.; Chen, A.B.; Kim, A.W.; Wilson, L.D.; Decker, R.H.; Yu, J.B. Postoperative Radiation Therapy Is Associated with Improved Overall Survival in Incompletely Resected Stage II and III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 2727–2734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Pechoux, C.; Barlesi, F.; Pourel, N.; Faivre-Finn, C.; Lerouge, D.; Zalcman, G.; Antoni, D.; Lamezec, B.; Nestle, U.; Boisselier, P.; et al. 1170O An international randomized trial, comparing post-operative conformal radiotherapy (PORT) to no PORT, in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mediastinal N2 involvement: Characterisation of PORT efficacy in lung ART (IFCT-0503, UK NCRI, SAKK). Ann. Oncol. 2021, 32, S939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinn, K.; Gschwandtner, E.; Steindl, A.; Taghavi, S.; Klepetko, W.; Klikovits, T.; Hoda, M. EP1.17-15 Comparison of Long-Term Outcome of Wedge Resection, Anatomical Segmentectomy and Lobectomy in Stage I-II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2019, 14, S1089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.-L.; Huang, Z.-F.; Wang, S.-Y.; Yang, X.-N.; Ou, W. A randomized trial of systematic nodal dissection in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002, 36, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keller, S.M.; Adak, S.; Wagner, H.; Johnson, D.H. Mediastinal lymph node dissection improves survival in patients with stages II and IIIa non-small cell lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000, 70, 358–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lardinois, D.; Suter, H.; Hakki, H.; Rousson, V.; Betticher, D.; Ris, H.-B. Morbidity, Survival, and Site of Recurrence After Mediastinal Lymph-Node Dissection Versus Systematic Sampling After Complete Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2005, 80, 268–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forde, P.M.; Chaft, J.E.; Smith, K.N.; Anagnostou, V.; Cottrell, T.R.; Hellmann, M.D.; Zahurak, M.; Yang, S.C.; Jones, D.R.; Broderick, S.; et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockade in Resectable Lung Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 378, 1976–1986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cascone, T.; William, W.N., Jr.; Weissferdt, A.; Leung, C.H.; Lin, H.Y.; Pataer, A.; Godoy, M.C.B.; Carter, B.W.; Federico, L.; Reuben, A.; et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: The phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial. Nat. Med. 2021, 27, 504–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradhan, M.; Chocry, M.; Gibbons, D.L.; Sepesi, B.; Cascone, T. Emerging biomarkers for neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Transl. Lung Cancer Res. 2021, 10, 590–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, S.; Li, N.; Gao, S.; Xue, Q.; Ying, J.; Wang, S.; Tao, X.; Zhao, J.; Mao, Y.; Wang, B.; et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor (Sintilimab) in NSCLC. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2020, 15, 816–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Provencio, M.; Nadal, E.; Insa, A.; García-Campelo, M.R.; Casal-Rubio, J.; Dómine, M.; Majem, M.; Rodríguez-Abreu, D.; Martínez-Martí, A.; Carpeño, J.D.C.; et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): An open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 1413–1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carbone, D.; Lee, J.; Kris, M.; Wistuba, I.; Kwiatkowski, D.; Owen, D.; Bunn, P.; Johnson, B.; Oezkan, F.; Tang, Y.; et al. OA06.06 Clinical/Biomarker Data for Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Resectable Stage IB-IIIB NSCLC: Primary Analysis in the LCMC3 Study. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2021, 16, S115–S116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rothschild, S.I.; Zippelius, A.; Eboulet, E.I.; Prince, S.S.; Betticher, D.; Bettini, A.; Früh, M.; Joerger, M.; Lardinois, D.; Gelpke, H.; et al. SAKK 16/14: Durvalumab in Addition to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Stage IIIA(N2) Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer—A Multicenter Single-Arm Phase II Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2021, 39, 2872–2880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spicer, J.; Wang, C.; Tanaka, F.; Saylors, G.B.; Chen, K.-N.; Liberman, M.; Vokes, E.E.; Girard, N.; Lu, S.; Provencio, M.; et al. Surgical outcomes from the phase 3 CheckMate 816 trial: Nivolumab (NIVO) + platinum-doublet chemotherapy (chemo) vs chemo alone as neoadjuvant treatment for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J. Clin. Oncol. 2021, 39, 8503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bott, M.J.; Yang, S.C.; Park, B.J.; Adusumilli, P.S.; Rusch, V.W.; Isbell, J.M.; Downey, R.J.; Brahmer, J.R.; Battafarano, R.; Bush, E.; et al. Initial results of pulmonary resection after neoadjuvant nivolumab in patients with resectable non–small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2019, 158, 269–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owen, D.; Chaft, J.E. Immunotherapy in surgically resectable non-small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Dis. 2018, 10, S404–S411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saw, S.P.L.; Ong, B.-H.; Chua, K.L.M.; Takano, A.; Tan, D.S.W. Revisiting neoadjuvant therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, e501–e516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NCT04712877. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04712877 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- NCT04302025. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04302025 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- NCT04351555. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04351555 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- NCT03340506. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03340506 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- NCT04819100. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04819100 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Rajaram, R.; Correa, A.M.; Xu, T.; Nguyen, Q.-N.; Antonoff, M.B.; Rice, D.; Mehran, R.; Roth, J.; Walsh, G.; Swisher, S.; et al. Locoregional Control, Overall Survival, and Disease-Free Survival in Stage IIIA (N2) Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of Resected and Unresected Patients. Clin. Lung Cancer 2020, 21, e294–e301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bott, M.J.; Patel, A.; Crabtree, T.D.; Morgensztern, D.; Robinson, C.; Colditz, G.; Waqar, S.; Kreisel, D.; Krupnicka, A.S.; Patterson, G.A.; et al. Role for Surgical Resection in the Multidisciplinary Treatment of Stage IIIB Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2015, 99, 1921–1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Albain, K.S.; Swann, R.S.; Rusch, V.W.; Turrisi, A.T., 3rd; Shepherd, F.A.A.; Smith, C.; Chen, Y.; Livingston, R.B.; Feins, R.H.; Gandara, D.R.; et al. Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with or without surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009, 374, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Toyokawa, G.; Takenoyama, M.; Ichinose, Y. Multimodality Treatment with Surgery for Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer with N2 Disease: A Review Article. Clin. Lung Cancer 2015, 16, 6–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Donington, J.S.; Pass, H.I. Surgical Resection of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with N2 Disease. Thorac. Surg. Clin. 2014, 24, 449–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spicer, J.D.; Shewale, J.B.; Nelson, D.B.; Mitchell, K.G.; Bott, M.J.; Vallières, E.; Wilshire, C.L.; Vaporciyan, A.A.; Swisher, S.G.; Jones, D.R.; et al. Multimodality Therapy for N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Evolving Paradigm. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2019, 107, 277–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dickhoff, C.; Senan, S.; Schneiders, F.L.; Veltman, J.; Hashemi, S.; Daniels, J.M.A.; Fransen, M.; Heineman, D.J.; Radonic, T.; van de Ven, P.M.; et al. Ipilimumab plus nivolumab and chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in patients with resectable and borderline resectable T3-4N0–1 non-small cell lung cancer: The INCREASE trial. BMC Cancer 2020, 20, 764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, J.Y.; Komaki, R.; Lu, C.; Wen, H.Y.; Allen, P.K.; Tsao, A.; Gillin, M.; Mohan, R.; Cox, J.D. Phase 2 study of high-dose proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for unresectable stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2011, 117, 4707–4713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gill, H.S.; Ramalingam, S.S. A new standard of care for patients with surgically unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2019, 125, 2148–2153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stinchcombe, T.E.; Hodgson, L.; Herndon, J.E.; Kelley, M.J.; Cicchetti, M.G.; Ramnath, N.; Niell, H.B.; Atkins, J.N.; Akerley, W.; Green, M.R.; et al. Treatment Outcomes of Different Prognostic Groups of Patients on Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 39801: Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Chemoradiotherapy Compared with Chemoradiotherapy Alone for Unresectable Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2009, 4, 1117–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bradley, J.D.; Hu, C.; Komaki, R.R.; Masters, G.A.; Blumenschein, G.R.; Schild, S.E.; Bogart, J.A.; Forster, K.M.; Magliocco, A.M.; Kavadi, V.S.; et al. Long-Term Results of NRG Oncology RTOG 0617: Standard- Versus High-Dose Chemoradiotherapy With or Without Cetuximab for Unresectable Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020, 38, 706–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antonia, S.J.; Villegas, A.; Daniel, D.; Vicente, D.; Murakami, S.; Hui, R.; Yokoi, T.; Chiappori, A.; Lee, K.H.; De Wit, M.; et al. Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017, 377, 1919–1929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Antonia, S.J.; Villegas, A.; Daniel, D.; Vicente, D.; Murakami, S.; Hui, R.; Kurata, T.; Chiappori, A.; Lee, K.H.; De Wit, M.; et al. Overall survival with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III NSCLC. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 379, 2342–2350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faivre-Finn, C.; Vicente, D.; Kurata, T.; Planchard, D.; Paz-Ares, L.; Vansteenkiste, J.F.; Spigel, D.R.; Garassino, M.C.; Reck, M.; Senan, S.; et al. Four-Year Survival with Durvalumab After Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III NSCLC—An Update from the PACIFIC Trial. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2021, 16, 860–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El Husseini, K.; Piton, N.; De Marchi, M.; Grégoire, A.; Vion, R.; Blavier, P.; Thiberville, L.; Baste, J.-M.; Guisier, F. Lung Cancer Surgery after Treatment with Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Case—Cohort Study. Cancers 2021, 13, 4915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bott, M.J.; Cools-Lartigue, J.; Tan, K.S.; Dycoco, J.; Bains, M.S.; Downey, R.J.; Huang, J.; Isbell, J.; Molena, D.; Park, B.J.; et al. Safety and Feasibility of Lung Resection After Immunotherapy for Metastatic or Unresectable Tumors. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2018, 106, 178–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Román, A.R.; de la Cruz, J.L.C.-C.; Macía, I.; Campuzano, I.E.; Almánzar, S.F.; Roel, M.D.; Muñoz, C.G.; Fontán, E.M.G.; Trueba, I.M.; Vielva, L.R.; et al. Outcomes of surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in locally advanced stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2021, 60, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- NCCN. National Comprehensive Cancer Network: Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available online: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1450 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Mitchell, K.G.; Farooqi, A.; Ludmir, E.B.; Corsini, E.; Sepesi, B.; Gomez, D.R.; Antonoff, M.B.; Vaporciyan, A.A.; Swisher, S.G.; Heymach, J.V.; et al. Pulmonary resection is associated with long-term survival and should remain a therapeutic option in oligometastatic lung cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2021, 161, 1497–1504.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Congedo, M.T.; Cesario, A.; Lococo, F.; De Waure, C.; Apolone, G.; Meacci, E.; Cavuto, S.; Granone, P. Surgery for oligometastatic non–small cell lung cancer: Long-term results from a single center experience. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012, 144, 444–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gomez, D.R.; Tang, C.; Zhang, J.; Blumenschein, G.R.; Hernandez, M.; Lee, J.J.; Ye, R.; Palma, D.A.; Louie, A.V.; Camidge, D.R.; et al. Local Consolidative Therapy Vs. Maintenance Therapy or Observation for Patients with Oligometastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Long-Term Results of a Multi-Institutional, Phase II, Randomized Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019, 37, 1558–1565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farooqi, A.; Ludmir, E.B.; Mitchell, K.G.; Antonoff, M.B.; Tang, C.; Lee, P.; Chang, J.; Elamin, Y.; Gomez, D.R.; Gandhi, S.J. Increased biologically effective dose (BED) to the primary tumor is associated with improved survival in patients with oligometastatic NSCLC. Radiother. Oncol. 2021, 163, 114–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, K.G.; Farooqi, A.; Ludmir, E.B.; Corsini, E.; Zhang, J.; Sepesi, B.; Vaporciyan, A.A.; Swisher, S.G.; Heymach, J.V.; Zhang, J.; et al. Improved Overall Survival with Comprehensive Local Consolidative Therapy in Synchronous Oligometastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer 2020, 21, 37–46.e7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iyengar, P.; Wardak, Z.; Gerber, D.; Tumati, V.; Ahn, C.; Hughes, R.S.; Dowell, J.E.; Cheedella, N.; Nedzi, L.; Westover, K.; et al. Consolidative Radiotherapy for Limited Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018, 4, e173501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palma, D.A.; Olson, R.; Harrow, S.; Gaede, S.; Louie, A.V.; Haasbeek, C.; Mulroy, L.; Lock, M.; Rodrigues, P.G.B.; Yaremko, B.P.; et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard of care palliative treatment in patients with oligometastatic cancers (SABR-COMET): A randomised, phase 2, open-label trial. Lancet 2019, 393, 2051–2058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NCT03391869. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03391869 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- NCT03410043. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03410043 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Rusch, V.W. Management of Pancoast tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2006, 7, 997–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouvier, F.M.; De Montpréville, V.T.; Besse, B.; Missenard, G.; Court, C.; Tordjman, M.; Le Pechoux, C.; Ladurie, F.L.; Balleyguier, C.; Fadel, E.; et al. Can MRI differentiate surrounding vertebral invasion from reactive inflammatory changes in superior sulcus tumor? Eur. Radiol. 2021, 31, 8991–8999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kratz, J.R.; Woodard, G.; Jablons, D.M. Management of Lung Cancer Invading the Superior Sulcus. Thorac. Surg. Clin. 2017, 27, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rusch, V.; Giroux, D.J.; Kraut, M.J.; Crowley, J.; Hazuka, M.; Winton, T.; Johnson, D.H.; Shulman, L.; Shepherd, F.; Deschamps, C.; et al. Induction Chemoradiation and Surgical Resection for Superior Sulcus Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinomas: Long-Term Results of Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160). J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 313–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Waseda, R.; Klikovits, T.; Hoda, M.A.; Hoetzenecker, K.; Bertoglio, P.; Dieckmann, K.; Zöchbauer-Müller, S.; Pirker, R.; Prosch, H.; Dome, B.; et al. Trimodality therapy for Pancoast tumors: T4 is not a contraindication to radical surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017, 116, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwong, K.F.; Edelman, M.J.; Suntharalingam, M.; Cooper, L.B.; Gamliel, Z.; Burrows, W.; Hausner, P.; Doyle, L.A.; Krasna, M.J. High-dose radiotherapy in trimodality treatment of Pancoast tumors results in high pathologic complete response rates and excellent long-term survival. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 129, 1250–1257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Robinson, L.A.; Tanvetyanon, T.; Grubbs, D.; Antonia, S.; Creelan, B.; Fontaine, J.; Toloza, E.; Keenan, R.; Dilling, T.; Stevens, C.W.; et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for superior sulcus lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2018, 122, 206–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kappers, I.; Belderbos, J.; Burgers, J.; van Zandwijk, N.; Groen, H.; Klomp, H. Non-small cell lung carcinoma of the superior sulcus: Favourable outcomes of combined modality treatment in carefully selected patients. Lung Cancer 2008, 59, 385–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolton, W.D.; Rice, D.C.; Goodyear, A.; Correa, A.M.; Erasmus, J.; Hofstetter, W.; Komaki, R.; Mehran, R.; Pisters, K.; Roth, J.A.; et al. Superior sulcus tumors with vertebral body involvement: A multimodality approach. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2009, 137, 1379–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- York, J.E.; Walsh, G.L.; Lang, F.F.; Putnam, J.B.; McCutcheon, I.E.; Swisher, S.G.; Komaki, R.; Gokaslan, Z.L. Combined chest wall resection with vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction for the treatment of Pancoast tumors. J. Neurosurg. Spine 1999, 91, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timmerman, R.D.; Paulus, R.; Pass, H.; Gore, E.M.; Edelman, M.J.; Galvin, J.; Straube, W.L.; Nedzi, L.A.; McGarry, R.C.; Robinson, C.G.; et al. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Operable Early-Stage Lung Cancer: Findings from the NRG Oncology RTOG 0618 Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018, 4, 1263–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamaji, M.; Chen, F.; Matsuo, Y.; Ueki, N.; Hiraoka, M.; Date, H. Treatment and Prognosis of Isolated Local Relapse after Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Clinical Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Importance of Salvage Surgery. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2015, 10, 1616–1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Casiraghi, M.; Maisonneuve, P.; Piperno, G.; Bellini, R.; Brambilla, D.; Petrella, F.; De Marinis, F.; Spaggiari, L. Salvage Surgery After Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Non–small Cell Lung Cancer. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2017, 29, 233–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, W.-A.; Di, S.; Liu, J.; Fan, B.; Zhao, J.; Zhou, S.; Chen, S.; Dong, H.; Yue, C.; Gong, T. Salvage surgery for advanced non-small cell lung cancer after targeted therapy: A case series. Thorac. Cancer 2020, 11, 1061–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szczyrek, M.; Bitkowska, P.; Chunowski, P.; Czuchryta, P.; Krawczyk, P.; Milanowski, J. Diet, Microbiome, and Cancer Immunotherapy—A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gopalakrishnan, V.; Spencer, C.N.; Nezi, L.; Reuben, A.; Andrews, M.C.; Karpinets, T.V.; Prieto, P.A.; Vicente, D.; Hoffman, K.; Wei, S.C.; et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science 2018, 359, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baruch, E.N.; Youngster, I.; Ben-Betzalel, G.; Ortenberg, R.; Lahat, A.; Katz, L.; Adler, K.; Dick-Necula, D.; Raskin, S.; Bloch, N.; et al. Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients. Science 2020, 371, 602–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Deng, Y.; Chu, Q.; Zhang, P. Gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2019, 447, 41–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sepesi, B.; Cascone, T. Will radiotherapy be a future part of neoadjuvant therapy in operable non-small-cell lung cancer? Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 744–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, N.-T.A.; Isfahanian, N.; Pond, G.; Hanna, W.; Cutz, J.-C.; Wright, J.; Swaminath, A.; Shargall, Y.; Chow, T.; Wierzbicki, M.; et al. A Novel Neoadjuvant Therapy for Operable Locally Invasive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Phase I Study of Neoadjuvant Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. LINNEARRE I (NCT02433574). Clin. Lung Cancer 2017, 18, 436–440.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, A.M.; Shochat, T.; Flex, D.; Kramer, M.R.; Zer, A.; Peled, N.; Dudnik, E.; Fenig, E.; Saute, M. High-Dose Radiotherapy as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Oncology 2018, 95, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Investigators | Year | Study Type | Tumor Size | (n) | Implications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altorki et al. | Est. 2024 | Randomized Trial | ≤2 cm | Est. 701 | Active, not yet recruiting trial (accurate 10/2021) NCT00499330 Lobectomy versus sublobar resection for ≤2 cm peripheral lung cancer |
Chan et al. [27] | 2021 | Retrospective Cohort | 2.1–3.0 cm | 269 | No difference in 5-year OS or recurrence between segmentectomy compared to lobectomy |
Kamel et al. [5] | 2021 | Retrospective Cohort | 1.5 cm (median) | 254 | Propensity-matched analysis showed no difference in perioperative complications, overall survival, or cancer-specific survival between lobectomy or sublobar resections |
Li et al. [22] | 2020 | SEER | ≤2 cm | 5474 | Propensity-matched analysis (n = 774) showed equivalence of OS and LCSS between lobectomy and segmentectomy |
Cao et al. [21] | 2018 | SEER | ≤1 cm | 1913 | No difference in LCSS between lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection. OS benefit associated with lobectomy |
1.1–2.0 cm | 8761 | Similar LCSS associated with lobectomy and segmentectomy, both conferred better LCSS and OS than wedge resection | |||
2.1–3.0 cm | 6145 | Lobectomy superior (both OS and LCSS) to wedge resection or segmentectomy. Wedge resection and segmentectomy are similar (OS and LCSS) | |||
Altorki et al. [3] | 2018 | Randomized Trial | ≤2 cm | 697 | No difference in mortality or morbidity between lobar and sublobar resection Majority of operations performed with MIS (80%), majority of patients ECOG 1 (74%) |
Kodama et al. [24] | 2016 | Retrospective Cohort | ≤2 cm | 312 | Equivalence in LRFS between lobectomy and segmentectomy, with OS benefit associated in lobectomy in full-cohort analysis. Propensity-matched analysis (n = 138) showed equivalence in OS and LRFS |
Landreneau et al. [26] | 2014 | Retrospective Cohort | 2.2 cm (mean) | 624 | No significant difference in OS or Recurrence between lobectomy and segmentectomy |
Altorki et al. [4] | 2014 | Retrospective Cohort | ≤3 cm | 337 | No difference in survival between lobar and sublobar resection. Subgroup analysis of tumor size ≤2 cm showed survival benefit associated with sublobar resection (n = 306) |
Ginsberg et al. [2] | 1995 | Randomized Trial | ≤3 cm | 247 | No difference in mortality or morbidity between lobar and limited resection. A 75% increase in recurrence rate in limited resection, 30% increase in overall death rate. |
Investigators | Year | Study Type | Inclusion | (n) | Implications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spicer et al. [53] (Checkmate816) | 2021 | Randomized Trial | Stage IB-IIIA | 358 | Addition of nivolumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy led to increased depth of pathological response. Majority of patients stage IIIA (63%) |
Provencio et al. [48] (NADIM) | 2020 | Randomized Trial | Resectable Stage III | 46 | Patients with resectable stage III disease should receive neoadjuvant nivolumab with platinum-based chemotherapy prior to resection. Majority of patients T1N2 (33%) and T3N2 (28%) |
Antonia et al. [50,51] (PACIFIC) | 2017–2018 | Randomized Trial | Unresectable Stage III | 713 | Consolidation therapy with durvalumab associated with better OS and PFS compared to placebo, regardless of PD-L1 expression |
Bott et al. [66] | 2015 | NCDB | T4N2 or Any N3 | 9173 | Surgical resection as part of multimodal treatment was associated with improved OS. Propensity-matched analysis confirmed results (n = 1262) |
Albain et al. [67] | 2009 | Randomized Trial | T1-3pN2 | 202 | No difference in OS, better PFS in group receiving surgical resection as part of multimodal treatment. Majority of patients T2 (63%), cN1 (76%) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Deboever, N.; Mitchell, K.G.; Feldman, H.A.; Cascone, T.; Sepesi, B. Current Surgical Indications for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers 2022, 14, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051263
Deboever N, Mitchell KG, Feldman HA, Cascone T, Sepesi B. Current Surgical Indications for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers. 2022; 14(5):1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051263
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeboever, Nathaniel, Kyle G. Mitchell, Hope A. Feldman, Tina Cascone, and Boris Sepesi. 2022. "Current Surgical Indications for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer" Cancers 14, no. 5: 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051263