Aging Aggravates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice
by
Julia Geppert 1,2,3, Alina A. Walth 1,2,3, Raúl Terrón Expósito 1,2,3, Doris Kaltenecker 1,2,3, Pauline Morigny 1,2,3, Juliano Machado 1,2,3, Maike Becker 3,4
, Estefania Simoes 1,2,3,5, Joanna D. C. C. Lima 5, Carolin Daniel 3,4,6, Mauricio Berriel Diaz 1,2,3, Stephan Herzig 1,2,3,7, Marilia Seelaender 5 and 1,2,3,*
, Estefania Simoes 1,2,3,5, Joanna D. C. C. Lima 5, Carolin Daniel 3,4,6, Mauricio Berriel Diaz 1,2,3, Stephan Herzig 1,2,3,7, Marilia Seelaender 5 and 1,2,3,*
1
Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
2
Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
3
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
4
Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
5
Department of Surgery and LIM 26, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
6
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539 Munich, Germany
7
Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, TUM School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Tateaki Naito
Cancers 2022, 14(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010090
Received: 20 October 2021
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Revised: 17 December 2021
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Accepted: 20 December 2021
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Published: 24 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer-Associated Cachexia)
Simple Summary
Cachexia is a deadly disease that accompanies many different types of cancers. Animal studies on cachexia have so far mostly been conducted using young mice, while cancer in humans is a disease of high age. Mouse models used to date may therefore not be suitable to study cachexia with relevance to patients. By comparing young and old mice of three different strains and two different tumor types, we here show that the age of mice has a substantial effect on cachexia progression (specifically body weight, tissue weight, fiber size, molecular markers) that is dependent on the mouse strain studied. This is independent of glucose tolerance. The cachexia markers IL6 and GDF15 differ between ages in both mice and patients. Future studies on cachexia should consider the age and strain of mice.
Background: Cancer is primarily a disease of high age in humans, yet most mouse studies on cancer cachexia are conducted using young adolescent mice. Given that metabolism and muscle function change with age, we hypothesized that aging may affect cachexia progression in mouse models. Methods: We compare tumor and cachexia development in young and old mice of three different strains (C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N, BALB/c) and with two different tumor cell lines (Lewis Lung Cancer, Colon26). Tumor size, body and organ weights, fiber cross-sectional area, circulating cachexia biomarkers, and molecular markers of muscle atrophy and adipose tissue wasting are shown. We correlate inflammatory markers and body weight dependent on age in patients with cancer. Results: We note fundamental differences between mouse strains. Aging aggravates weight loss in LLC-injected C57BL/6J mice, drives it in C57BL/6N mice, and does not influence weight loss in C26-injected BALB/c mice. Glucose tolerance is unchanged in cachectic young and old mice. The stress marker GDF15 is elevated in cachectic BALB/c mice independent of age and increased in old C57BL/6N and J mice. Inflammatory markers correlate significantly with weight loss only in young mice and patients. Conclusions: Aging affects cachexia development and progression in mice in a strain-dependent manner and influences the inflammatory profile in both mice and patients. Age is an important factor to consider for future cachexia studies.
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Keywords:
aging; cachexia; cancer; mouse models
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MDPI and ACS Style
Geppert, J.; Walth, A.A.; Terrón Expósito, R.; Kaltenecker, D.; Morigny, P.; Machado, J.; Becker, M.; Simoes, E.; Lima, J.D.C.C.; Daniel, C.; Berriel Diaz, M.; Herzig, S.; Seelaender, M.; Rohm, M. Aging Aggravates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cancers 2022, 14, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010090
AMA Style
Geppert J, Walth AA, Terrón Expósito R, Kaltenecker D, Morigny P, Machado J, Becker M, Simoes E, Lima JDCC, Daniel C, Berriel Diaz M, Herzig S, Seelaender M, Rohm M. Aging Aggravates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cancers. 2022; 14(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010090
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeppert, Julia, Alina A. Walth, Raúl Terrón Expósito, Doris Kaltenecker, Pauline Morigny, Juliano Machado, Maike Becker, Estefania Simoes, Joanna D.C.C. Lima, Carolin Daniel, Mauricio Berriel Diaz, Stephan Herzig, Marilia Seelaender, and Maria Rohm. 2022. "Aging Aggravates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice" Cancers 14, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010090
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