Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Physical Function Limitations
2.2.3. Cancer Site
2.2.4. Time Since Diagnosis
2.2.5. Physical Comorbidities
2.2.6. Physical Comorbidities Pre- and Post-Diagnosis
2.2.7. Depression
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Recent Survivors
3.2. Long-Term Survivors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
NHANES Code | Cancer | N Recent Survivors | N Long-Term Survivors | Group According to Body Location/System |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | Bladder | 18 | 17 | Genitorunary |
11 | Blood | 1 | 1 | Other |
12 | Bone | 4 | 2 | Other |
13 | Brain | 3 | 7 | Other |
14 | Breast | 128 | 202 | Breast |
15 | Cervix (cervical) | 32 | 124 | Gynecological |
16 | Colon | 52 | 59 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
17 | Esophagus (esophageal) | 5 | 6 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
18 | Gallbladder | 0 | 1 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
19 | Kidney | 15 | 22 | Genitorunary |
20 | Larynx/windpipe | 2 | 5 | Other |
21 | Leukemia | 8 | 9 | Other |
22 | Liver | 6 | 2 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
23 | Lung | 31 | 12 | Other |
24 | Lymphoma/Hodgkin’s disease | 24 | 28 | Other |
25 | Melanoma | 44 | 70 | Melanoma |
26 | Mouth/tongue/lip | 3 | 9 | Other |
27 | Nervous system | 0 | 1 | Other |
28 | Ovary (ovarian) | 14 | 37 | Gynecological |
29 | Pancreas (pancreatic) | 6 | 2 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
30 | Prostate | 154 | 165 | Genitorunary |
31 | Rectum (rectal) | 3 | 5 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
32 | Skin non-melanoma | 145 | 161 | Skin non-melanoma |
33 | Skin (don’t know what kind) | 60 | 88 | Skin unknown kind |
34 | Soft tissue (muscle or fat) | 0 | 3 | Other |
35 | Stomach | 7 | 8 | Digestive/gastrointestinal |
36 | Testis (testicular) | 2 | 12 | Genitorunary |
37 | Thyroid | 17 | 34 | Other |
38 | Uterus (uterine) | 28 | 68 | Gynecological |
39 | Other | 41 | 60 | Other |
Recent Survivors n = 853 | Long-Term Survivors n = 1220 | |
---|---|---|
Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) * | 51.9 (46.8, 57.1) | 53.1 (49.7, 56.5) |
Hypertension | 51.2 (46.4, 56.0) | 48.5 (44.5, 52.4) |
Arthritis | 43.7 (38.8, 48.4) | 50.6 (46.7, 54.4) |
Asthma | 17.9 (14.1, 21.8) | 17.4 (14.4, 20.4) |
Diabetes | 17.8 (14.3, 21.2) | 15.4 (12.7, 18.1) |
Thyroid problems | 15.3 (12.4, 18.3) | 19.9 (16.7, 23.1) |
Chronic bronchitis | 10.6 (8.1, 13.1) | 10.7 (7.9, 13.4) |
Gout | 8.3 (5.7, 10.9) | 8.3 (6.4, 10.3) |
Coronary heart disease | 6.6 (4.6, 8.7) | 6.2 (4.2, 8.2) |
Myocardial infarction | 6.2 (4.1, 8.3) | 5.9 (4.1, 7.8) |
Weak or failing kidneys | 6.1 (3.8, 8.3) | 5.6 (3.9, 7.1) |
Congestive heart failure | 5.6 (3.8, 7.5) | 4.1 (2.8, 5.4) |
Emphysema | 5.6 (3.7, 7.5) | 5.3 (3.2, 7.3) |
Liver condition | 5.6 (3.6, 7.4) | 5.6 (4.0, 7.1) |
Stroke | 5.1 (3.2, 7.2) | 5.2 (3.7, 6.7) |
Angina pectoris | 3.3 (1.6, 5.0) | 4.8 (2.7, 6.8) |
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Variable | Category | Recent Survivors n = 853 | Long-Term Survivors n = 1220 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 49.4 | 40.9 | 0.007 |
Female | 50.6 | 59.1 | ||
Age | M ± SD | 58.6 (13.1) | 61.2 (11.9) | 0.001 |
18–39 | 10.4 | 6.9 | ||
40–59 | 37.2 | 31.4 | ||
60–79 | 52.4 | 61.7 | ||
Race | Non-Hispanic White | 85.3 | 83.9 | 0.006 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 6.7 | 5.3 | ||
Other Hispanic | 2.8 | 2.8 | ||
Mexican American | 2.7 | 2.9 | ||
Other | 2.5 | 5.1 | ||
Education | Less than 9th grade | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.707 |
9–11th grade | 7.8 | 6.6 | ||
High school graduate/GED | 20.8 | 19.5 | ||
Some college or AA degree | 33.1 | 32.5 | ||
College graduate or above | 35.5 | 38.2 | ||
Civil status | Married or living with partner | 70.1 | 68.2 | 0.052 |
Divorced or separated | 14.8 | 17.3 | ||
Single, never married | 8.2 | 5.2 | ||
Widowed | 6.9 | 9.3 | ||
Insurance status | Insured | 95.4 | 92.8 | 0.095 |
Uninsured | 4.6 | 7.2 | ||
Cancer site | Skin non-melanoma | 27.7 | 19.7 | <0.001 |
Melanoma | 6.8 | 7.7 | ||
Skin unknown type | 8.6 | 8.5 | ||
Breast | 13.8 | 15.2 | ||
Gynecological | 7.9 | 18.6 | ||
Genitourinary | 13.8 | 12.7 | ||
Gastrointestinal | 6.2 | 4.4 | ||
Other | 15.2 | 13.1 | ||
Years since diagnosis | 1 year | 35.2 | - | - |
2 years | 18.4 | - | ||
3 years | 17.1 | - | ||
4 years | 14.3 | - | ||
5 years | 15.0 | - | ||
6–10 years | - | 40.6 | ||
11–20 years | - | 34.9 | ||
20+ years | - | 24.5 | ||
Comorbidities total | M ± SD | 2.61 (2.06) | 2.67 (2.01) | 0.704 |
None | 15.6 | 10.2 | ||
One | 17.8 | 22.7 | ||
Two | 19.9 | 20.1 | ||
Three or more | 46.7 | 47.0 | ||
Comorbidities pre-diagnosis | M ± SD | 2.45 (1.83) | 1.21(1.32) | <0.001 |
None | 10.1 | 35.8 | ||
One | 24.5 | 32.6 | ||
Two | 23.9 | 16.5 | ||
Three or more | 41.5 | 15.0 | ||
Comorbidities post-diagnosis | M ± SD | 0.55 (0.78) | 1.84 (1.44) | <0.001 |
None | 58.2 | 14.5 | ||
One | 31.9 | 33.4 | ||
Two or more | 9.9 | 52.1 | ||
Physical function limitations | No limitations | 64.6 | 62.2 | 0.431 |
Limited | 20.1 | 23.2 | ||
Disabled | 15.3 | 14.6 | ||
Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | Depressed | 8.4 | 8.8 | 0.754 |
Not depressed | 91.6 | 91.2 |
Recent Survivors | Long-Term Survivors | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Matched Controls | Cases | Matched Controls | ||||||||
Total N | Observed N with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Prevalence (weighted % and 95% CI) | Observed N with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Prevalence (weighted % and 95% CI) | N | Observed N with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Prevalence (weighted % and 95% CI) | Observed N with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | Prevalence (weighted % and 95% CI) | ||
Cancer site | All | 853 | 89 | 8.4 (6.1, 11.2) | 70 | 7.5 (5.5, 9.9) | 1220 | 139 | 8.8 (6.9, 11.0) *^ | 89 | 5.6 (3.9, 7.6) |
All except skin non-mel. | 708 | 83 | 10.3 (7.4, 13.9) | 61 | 7.7 (5.5, 10.5) | 1059 | 131 | 9.7 (7.7, 11.9) *^ | 78 | 6.0 (4.2, 8.3) | |
Skin non-melanoma | 145 | 6 | 3.2 (0.7, 9.1) | 9 | 6.7 (2.1, 15.3) | 161 | 8 | 5.5 (2.2, 11.0) | 11 | 3.3 (1.4, 6.5) | |
Melanoma | 44 | 2 | 6.6 (0.1, 37.2) | 3 | 3.8 (0.1, 18.1) | 70 | 7 | 8.9 (2.2, 22.4) | 10 | 11.1 (2.1, 30.6) | |
Skin unknown type | 60 | 6 | 5.9 (0.5, 21.3) | 4 | 6.9 (0.4, 27.6) | 88 | 12 | 12.6 (4.8, 25.4) ^ | 5 | 2.1 (0.6, 5.5) | |
Breast | 128 | 22 | 16.6 (7.8, 29.3) | 16 | 11.7 (4.8, 22.7) | 202 | 23 | 8.6 (3.5, 17.0) | 12 | 3.6 (1.4, 7.5) | |
Gynecological | 74 | 18 | 19.1 (7.6, 36.6) * | 6 | 7.6 (1.3, 23.3) | 229 | 44 | 14.0 (8.9, 20.7) *^ | 21 | 8.1 (4.3, 13.6) | |
Genitourinary | 189 | 11 | 7.0 (2.6, 14.6) | 11 | 6.1 (2.6, 12.0) | 216 | 14 | 4.1 (1.8, 8.1) | 13 | 4.2 (1.9, 8.0) | |
Digestive/gastrointest. | 79 | 13 | 11.9 (4.7, 23.6) | 6 | 7.9 (3.0, 16.2) | 83 | 14 | 12.7 (4.8, 25.7) | 8 | 10.1 (1.8, 28.6) | |
Other | 134 | 11 | 6.7 (2.4, 14.6) | 15 | 7.5 (3.2, 14.5) | 171 | 17 | 7.5 (3.9, 12.9) | 9 | 5.0 (1.6, 11.5) | |
Time since diagnosis (all except skin non-mel.) | 1 year | 238 | 29 | 12.4 (7.1, 19.6)^ | 17 | 4.4 (2.3, 7.6) | - | ||||
2 years | 139 | 17 | 9.1 (4.0, 17.2) | 12 | 10.3 (3.1, 23.4) | - | |||||
3 years | 117 | 15 | 10.9 (4.0, 22.8) | 12 | 10.0 (4.4, 18.8) | - | |||||
4 years | 94 | 13 | 8.8 (3.9, 16.6) | 7 | 6.9 (2.3, 15.3) | - | |||||
5 years | 120 | 9 | 8.1 (4.5, 13.2) | 13 | 9.5 (4.6, 16.9) | - | |||||
6–10 years | - | 430 | 40 | 7.9 (5.9, 10.2) | 31 | 6.0 (3.4, 9.6) | |||||
11–20 years | - | 383 | 59 | 11.4 (7.8, 15.9) *^ | 30 | 5.6 (3.0, 9.3) | |||||
>20 years | - | 246 | 32 | 10.1 (5.7, 16.1) * | 17 | 6.6 (2.8, 12.9) |
Table | Comorbidities Total | Comorbidities Pre-Diagnosis | |
---|---|---|---|
N | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
All * | 853 | 1.54 (1.29, 1.84) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.87) |
All except skin non-melanoma * | 708 | 1.57 (1.30, 1.89) | 1.63 (1.30, 2.03) |
Skin non-melanoma ** | 145 | 1.52 (1.00, 2.30) | 1.45 (1.10, 1.91) |
Skin (melanoma and skin unknown type) ** | 104 | 1.39 (0.87, 2.20) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.21) |
Breast ** | 128 | 2.49 (1.63, 3.81) | 2.32 (1.60, 3.36) |
Gynecological ** | 74 | 1.53 (1.12, 2.09) | 1.40 (0.96, 2.05) |
Genitourinary ** | 189 | 1.61 (1.20, 2.16) | 1.77 (1.16, 2.70) |
Digestive/gastrointestinal ** | 79 | 0.95 (0.65, 1. 39) | 1.02 (0.63, 1.64) |
Skin ** | 104 | 1.39 (0.87, 2.20) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.21) |
Other ** | 134 | 1.32 (0.84, 2.06) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.66) |
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Petrova, D.; Catena, A.; Rodríguez-Barranco, M.; Redondo-Sánchez, D.; Bayo-Lozano, E.; Garcia-Retamero, R.; Jiménez-Moleón, J.-J.; Sánchez, M.-J. Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018. Cancers 2021, 13, 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133368
Petrova D, Catena A, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Redondo-Sánchez D, Bayo-Lozano E, Garcia-Retamero R, Jiménez-Moleón J-J, Sánchez M-J. Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133368
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrova, Dafina, Andrés Catena, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, Daniel Redondo-Sánchez, Eloísa Bayo-Lozano, Rocio Garcia-Retamero, José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón, and María-José Sánchez. 2021. "Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133368
APA StylePetrova, D., Catena, A., Rodríguez-Barranco, M., Redondo-Sánchez, D., Bayo-Lozano, E., Garcia-Retamero, R., Jiménez-Moleón, J.-J., & Sánchez, M.-J. (2021). Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018. Cancers, 13(13), 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133368