Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Design Line Diagram
2.3. Mammary Carcinogenesis
2.4. Immunohistochemistry
2.5. Measurement of Static Levels of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones in Response to Pregnancy
2.6. The Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis Response to GH and PRL Secretagogues
2.7. Measuring the Functional Activity of the Pituitary in Response to GH and PRL Secretagogues
3. Results
3.1. Parity Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis
3.2. The Effect of Parity on Tissue Levels of GHRH, TRH, DA, SS, GH, and PRL
3.3. The Effect of Parity on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–GH Axis
3.4. The Influence of Parity on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary-PRL Axis
3.5. Parity Induces Dynamic Changes in Pituitary Glands
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A): Mammary cancer incidence | ||||
Group/Timepoint | 18 weeks | 24 weeks | 30 weeks | 36 weeks |
Control | 30% | 65% | 100% | 100% |
Parous | 0% | 0% | 10% | 10% |
(B): Mammary cancer multiplicity | ||||
Group/Timepoint | 18 weeks | 24 weeks | 30 weeks | 36 weeks |
Control | 1 tumor/tumor-bearing rat | 2.5 tumors/tumor-bearing rat | 3.2 tumors/tumor-bearing rat | 5.9 tumors/tumor-bearing rat |
Parous | 0 tumors/tumor-bearing rat | 0 tumors/tumor-bearing rat | 1 tumor/tumor-bearing rat | 1 tumor/tumor-bearing rat |
(C): Mammary cancer latency | ||||
Group | Days | |||
Control | 158 ± 32 | |||
Parous | 221 ± 25 |
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Subramani, R.; Estrada, A.; Dixon, M.; Parada, M.; Rodriguez, S.; Pedroza, D.A.; Ramirez, M.D.; Clift, A.; Garcia, L.; Lakshmanaswamy, R. Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis. Cancers 2021, 13, 3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133207
Subramani R, Estrada A, Dixon M, Parada M, Rodriguez S, Pedroza DA, Ramirez MD, Clift A, Garcia L, Lakshmanaswamy R. Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133207
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubramani, Ramadevi, Adriana Estrada, Madeline Dixon, Maria Parada, Sheryl Rodriguez, Diego A. Pedroza, Matthew D. Ramirez, Alexa Clift, Lilia Garcia, and Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy. 2021. "Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133207