Ursolic Acid and Its Nanoparticles Are Potentiators of Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy against Breast Cancer Cells
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. UA and Oncolytic MV Exhibit Anticancer Activity against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
2.2. Combined Treatment of UA and Oncolytic MV Produces Synergistic Anticancer Effect against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
2.3. UA Treatment Does Not Antagonize Oncolytic MV Infection
2.4. UA and Oncolytic MV Combinatorial Treatment Enhances Apoptotic Cell Death of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
2.5. Nanoformulation Changes the Physicochemical Properties and Improves Drug Dissolution of UA
2.6. UA-NP Retained Synergistic Anticancer Effect in Combination with Oncolytic MV and Enhanced Apoptotic Cell Death in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
2.7. Oncolytic MV and UA-NP Combined Treatment Include Autophagic Flux
2.8. Synergistic Killing Effect of Oncolytic MV and UA-NP Combined Treatment on BT-474 and MDA-MB-468 Breast Cancer Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture, Virus and Reagents
4.2. Cell Viability Assay
4.3. Synergistic Effect of Drug-Virus Co-Treatment
4.4. Influence of UA Treatment on Early Viral Entry Steps of MV Infection
4.5. Time-of-Drug-Addition Assays
4.6. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.7. Apoptosis Analysis by Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Double Staining
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Preparation of UA Nanoparticles (UA-NP)
4.10. UA-NP Particle Size Analysis by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS)
4.11. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of UA and UA-NP
4.12. UA-NP Yield Quantification
4.13. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
4.14. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.15. Dissolution Test
4.16. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, C.-H.; Wong, S.H.; Tai, C.-J.; Tai, C.-J.; Pan, Y.-C.; Hsu, H.-Y.; Richardson, C.D.; Lin, L.-T. Ursolic Acid and Its Nanoparticles Are Potentiators of Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy against Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers 2021, 13, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13010136
Liu C-H, Wong SH, Tai C-J, Tai C-J, Pan Y-C, Hsu H-Y, Richardson CD, Lin L-T. Ursolic Acid and Its Nanoparticles Are Potentiators of Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy against Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers. 2021; 13(1):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13010136
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ching-Hsuan, Shu Hui Wong, Chen-Jei Tai, Cheng-Jeng Tai, Yu-Chi Pan, Hsue-Yin Hsu, Christopher D. Richardson, and Liang-Tzung Lin. 2021. "Ursolic Acid and Its Nanoparticles Are Potentiators of Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy against Breast Cancer Cells" Cancers 13, no. 1: 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13010136