Abstract
Todays challenge in geriatric oncology is to screen patients who need geriatric follow-up. The main goal of this study was to analyze factors that identify patients, in a large cohort of patients with solid tumors, who need more geriatric interventions and therefore specific follow-up. Between April 2012 and May 2018, 3530 consecutive patients were enrolled in the PACA EST cohort (France). A total of 3140 patients were finally enrolled in the study. A Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) was performed at baseline. We analyzed the associations between factors at baseline (geriatric and oncologic factors) and the need to perform more than three geriatric interventions. The mean age of the population was 82 years old with 59% of patients aged older than 80 years old. A total of 8819 geriatric interventions were implemented for the 3140 patients. The percentage of patients with three or more geriatric interventions represented 31.8% (n = 999) of the population. In multivariate analyses, a Mini Nutritional assessment (MNA) <17, an MNA ≤23·5 and ≥17, a performans status (PS) >2, a dependence on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ≥5, a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) <24, and a Screening tool G8 ≤14 were independent risk factors associated with more geriatric interventions. Factors associated with more geriatric interventions could assist practitioners in selecting patients for specific geriatric follow-up.
1. Introduction
Cancer is significantly associated with aging, and life expectancy is increasing in France and worldwide [1]. Thus, the proportion of older adults with cancer is rising [2]. Despite this “demographic tsunami,” elderly patients are under-represented in clinical studies [3]. The population of the French Riviera is one the oldest populations in France; a quarter of the population is over 60 years old, and the proportion of the population over 80 years old has increased by nearly 40% within the past decade [4]. In this context, this region is a “living laboratory” for elderly patients. In 2011, we set up the geriatric coordination unit for geriatric oncology (UCOG PACA EST) with the support of the French National Cancer Institute (INCA). It aims to upgrade care, research, and teaching in geriatric oncology field in Southeast France. To study this population, we decided to create a database called the “PACA EST Cohort” by developing a strong partnership between the Lacassagne Cancer Center (Nice, France) and the geriatric department of the University Hospital of Nice. In 2016, to participate in further collaborative research, the UCOG PACA EST team joined the Hospital Federation for research, OncoAge, a consortium of skills of a high level from several fields in health care, research, and education dedicated to cancer in the elderly.
In a clinical routine, the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommend performing a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) due to the substantial heterogeneity among elderly patients [5,6]. A CGA as defined by Rubenstein is a “multidimensional interdisciplinary diagnostic process focused on determining a frail elderly person’s medical, psychological, and functional capability in order to develop coordinated and integrated plan for treatment” [7]. The CGA is time-consuming, but specific tools for frailty screening are available to detect patients who really need to perform a complete CGA [8,9,10]. During the past decade, the partnership between geriatricians and oncologists has improved patient care by profiling the level of patient frailty with this process. Therefore, the CGA has been shown to predict outcomes (chemotherapy toxicity, life expectancy) to help make therapeutic decisions but also provide the best interventions [11,12]. Previous studies have described adherence of geriatric assessment recommendations [13,14] as well as guidelines for practical assessment and management of older patients receiving chemotherapy [6]. Now, the challenge in geriatric oncology is to screen patients who require geriatric follow-up with specific guided interventions. The main purpose is to determine which patients need to have repeated geriatric assessment in the follow-up. Therefore, the goal of this study was to analyze a large cohort of patients with solid tumors, for factors that provide a profile of the phenotype of patients who need more geriatric interventions and therefore specific follow-up.
2. Results
2.1. Patient Characteristics
The mean age of the population was 81.9 years old (range 70–102) with 59% of patients aged older than 80 years old. Fifty-five percent were women and 33% had a metastatic status. The most common cancers observed in the cohort were breast cancers (n = 548/17.5%), colorectal cancer (n = 527/16.7%), and lung cancers (n = 356/11.3%) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic and tumor characteristics.
2.2. Geriatric Assessment Model
Only 13.5% of patients had a G8 >14, which allows practitioners to not perform a full CGA in clinical routines.
In the whole cohort, 16% felt homebound, 48.6% had dependence on ADL, and 16% were malnourished according to the MNA. Table 2 shows a description of the domains that were explored in the standardized CGA at baseline.
Table 2.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) at baseline.
2.3. Treatments Proposed and Influence of the CGA
Patients were referred to a geriatrician; 47.7% were referred for treatment with chemotherapy or a combined treatment, 28% for surgery, 10.2% for radiotherapy, 8.3% for best supportive care, and 6% for other treatments. In 22% of patients, the CGA modified the therapeutic decision.
2.4. Geriatric Interventions
2.4.1. Description
A total of 8819 geriatric interventions were implemented for the 3140 patients. On average, fit patients benefited from 1.5 geriatric interventions, patients classified as “Balducci 2” from 2.4 interventions, and frail patients from 3.3 interventions. In the whole cohort, the medium number of interventions per patient was 2.8. Vulnerable and frail patients had significantly more geriatric interventions (p < 0.0001). The guided geriatric interventions are listed in Table 3.
Table 3.
Geriatric guided interventions.
2.4.2. Factors Associated with an Increased Need of Geriatric Interventions
Patients with three or more geriatric interventions represented 31.8% (n = 999) of the population. Univariate significant factors associated with an increased need of geriatric interventions are listed in Table 4. In multivariate analyses, an MNA <17, an MNA ≤23.5 and ≥17, a PS >2, a dependence on IADL, a GDS ≥5, an MMSE ≤24, and a G8 ≤14 are independent risk factors associated with this requirement (Table 5).
Table 4.
Univariate significant factors of an increased need of geriatric interventions.
Table 5.
Independent factors associated with an increased need of geriatric interventions.
3. Discussion
3.1. The Challenge in Geriatric Oncology Is to Screen Patients for Follow-Up
The first step in geriatric oncology is to screen patients who need a complete geriatric assessment. A number of tools are available and recommended for screening [8,9,10]. Thus, practitioners can propose a comprehensive assessment and elaborate recommendations according to the deficits observed [6]. In 2013, Kenis et al. [15] demonstrated that screening and CGA are feasible in clinical practice and detected unknown geriatric problems in 51% of cases. This study also showed that oncologists were aware of the geriatric assessment results only in 2/3 of the patients, and recommendations were planned in only 25%. This cohort study highlights the difficulty of implementing geriatric interventions and of the necessity of follow-up. Recent studies have listed the types of interventions and their implementation, but they did not analyze the factors that can lead to more interventions [13,14]. Baitar et al. [16] in 2015 described an adherence of 35.5% to geriatric interventions, and Kenis et al. [14] in 2018 adherence of over 40% in the most important domains. These three studies were conducted by the same team and suggest that the increased rate of implementation is obviously due to the learning curve. To our knowledge, there are no studies exploring the phenotype of patients who need more geriatric interventions. Screening patients who may need follow-up to check for intervention is new.
3.2. Influence of the CGA on Treatment Changes
This study confirms the influence of the CGA on 22% of therapeutic decisions. This rate is very similar to that found in other studies. Kenis et al. [12] found 25%, Caillet et al. [17], 20%. Feasibility of treatment and guided geriatric interventions seem to have different mechanisms, but they are probably two sides of the same coin. Changes in treatment plan according to the CGA certainly influence the level and type of guided interventions. Furthermore, geriatricians implement different types of interventions depending on the type of treatment (chemotherapy, surgery, palliative care, etc.), and this process could probably lead to support deficits in areas of geriatric assessment and help in the treatment feasibility. These considerations need to be confirmed in further prospective studies in the PACA EST cohort.
3.3. Factors Associated with an Increase in the Need for Intervention
In multivariate analyses, to be malnourished or at risk of being malnourished regarding the MNA, a PS >2, a dependence on IADL, a positive screening for depression regarding the GDS, cognitive disorders regarding an MMSE <24, and a positive screening regarding a G8 ≤14 are independent risk factors associated with an increased requirement of geriatric interventions.
These are well-known factors for a worse outcome in geriatric oncology. Regarding the PS, there are several studies showing a prediction of an increased risk of death in this population [18,19,20]. In addition, there is abundant literature showing that the nutritional status and the MNA predict outcomes such as early death, early discontinuation of chemotherapy, poor tolerance of chemotherapy, and an increased risk of morbidities [21,22,23,24]. Mood disorders and cognitive impairment have also been explored in other studies showing early functional decline on chemotherapy and decreased survival [25,26,27]. Moreover, dependence on IADL was associated with increased mortality, morbidity, hospitalization, and functional decline [6]. These data invite us to take into account these factors to optimize the management and the follow up of elderly patients. However, we do not yet have robust data (randomized studies) in geriatric oncology supporting the fact that interventions improve the outcome, but some studies are underway to analyze the impact of a multimodal approach [6]. For example, the PREPARE study in France plans an interventional multimodal approach using “case management.” We hope that this study by Soubeyran et al. will supply abundant information and evidence in favor of guided interventions. (PREPARE, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02704832) [28].
3.4. A Call for Co-Management
This study shows that elderly patients require different interventions with various health partners. Creating individualized “care” and “take care” plans require a strong partnership between a network including geriatricians, oncologists, specialized doctors, but also nurses, psychologists, dieticians, social workers, physiotherapists, and many other actors. The task of the UCOG teams in France is to coordinate and streamline patient care, offering easy lines of communication and shortening referral times. In the domain of co-management, perspectives in geriatric oncology from innovative professions coordinating the development of specific e-health tools are plentiful [29].
3.5. How This Model Could Add Value in Clinical Practice?
The utility of the multivariable model lies in the determination of independent factors strongly associated with the establishment of more geriatric interventions. This model underlines some domains of the GA that can be assessed by other health partners, such as dieticians, nutritionists, psychologists, or psychiatrists, even if there is no geriatrician on the team. A nurse could coordinate and educate patients who present these factors and link them to general practitioners that can provide them with simple interventions such as nutritional support, advice, physiotherapy, and so on.
3.6. Improving Together Prediction and Outcome
Clinicians and researchers are working together to elaborate scoring systems or factors aimed at improving the outcome and patient care of older adults with cancer. The PACA EST cohort is a prospective and multicentric cohort (n > 3800) created to better understand elderly cancer patients. Prospective and systematic follow-up improve substantially the quality of care and connect general practitioners and heath partners. The UCOG PACA EST team joined the Hospital Federation University in research into OncoAge so that research and care become a continuum in the future. Subsequent studies will focus on adherence and on the impact of geriatric interventions in this cohort, but also on the barriers and difficulties of implementation. An OncoAge work package aims to improve and analyze a lifestyle plan. Educating patients and caregivers about the options of care, including guided geriatric interventions, is crucial.
3.7. Strengths and Limitations
The strengths of this study lie in the large cohort studied, which enrolled a “true life population” with a mean age of 82 years old. A complete and standardize CGA was performed at baseline. Interventions were guided by the deficits observed in the CGA. However, this study did not analyze the level of intervention and adherence at follow-up. A pilot study conducted in the PACA EST cohort (n = 50) had shown that, after one month, the adherence to interventions ranged from 73 to 89 % depending on the domains. This is probably because geriatricians in the PACA EST cohort implemented the interventions at baseline and did not propose recommendations only.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patient Population
Between April 2012 and May 2018, 3530 consecutive patients were enrolled in the PACA EST cohort. The UCOG PACA EST cohort is an observational, multicentric cohort (five centers in Southeast France: a teaching hospital, a specialized cancer center, and three cancer clinics). Three thousand one hundred and forty patients with various types of solid cancers at any stage and aged older than 70 years old (no upper limit) were enrolled in this study at the time of diagnosis and before the final therapeutic decision. Patients could be outpatients or hospitalized. Patients were referred by more than 60 practitioners (oncologists, surgeons, and radiotherapists) to the UCOG PACA EST team (Geriatric Oncology Coordination Unit) for a CGA before a final therapeutic decision.
4.2. Ethics
At the first visit of inclusion, patients gave informed consent and were registered at baseline in compliance with the French database and privacy law (CNIL, Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et Liberté, registration number CILS: 188). This study was approved by an ethics committee (Espace Ethique Gériatrique Report 04-2012).
4.3. Study Methods
4.3.1. CGA and Data Collected at Baseline
Four geriatricians received the same training at baseline and performed a standardized comprehensive geriatric baseline assessment as described in Table 1. The CGA included cognitive function screening using the Mini-Mental Test (MMSE) [30], an autonomy assessment using Activity in Daily Living (ADL) [31] and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) [32,33], a nutritional status assessment using the Mini Nutritional Assessment [34], a gait assessment using gait speed [35], and the one leg balance test, screening for depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 for patients with an MMSE score higher than 15 (GDS) [36], and acomorbidities assessment using the Charlson Index [37]. Prediction of early death was assessed with the Nice Cancer Aging Survival Score (NCASS) [21], and mortality at 4 years was assessed with the Lee score [38]. Demographic data and the perception of isolation and being homebound were also determined (homebound was defined in the study as going out of home with or without assistance only for important activities, e.g., a medical visit). Finally, the Balducci score was assessed [39]. The validated cut-offs for scales are specified in Table 2. In addition, data on guided geriatric interventions, on oncologic treatments proposed by oncologists, and on tumor type and tumor stage were collected during follow-up. Geriatric interventions were defined by interventions implemented by a geriatrician at baseline in 12 domains (nutrition, psychological care, specialized pain management, prevention of delirium, comorbidities management, nursing interventions, social worker interventions, treatment modification for optimization, adjustment medication for iatrogenic disorders, physiotherapy, caregiver care, and care pathway modification). Geriatric interventions are standardized (based on guidelines when available) and individualized (focused on specific deficits). Some interventions as caregiver care or social interventions are based on experience (no guidelines available). Geriatric interventions are described in Table 6. Within a month, geriatricians who included patients in the cohort received a specific training on the CGA and on guided interventions. They received a prescription book with standardized recommendations.
Table 6.
Guided geriatric intervention description.
4.3.2. Statistics
The primary aim of the study was to analyze the association between geriatric and oncologic factors and the need to implement more than three geriatric interventions (the median number of guided interventions in the whole cohort) using a logistic regression model in a univariate analysis. A multivariable analysis was performed with all geriatric and oncologic items that reached a significant level of p < 0.05. Regarding frailty levels and interventions, we compared the medium number of geriatric interventions in the three groups according to the Balducci classification by using an ANOVA test and the Bonferroni adjusted p-value.
5. Conclusions
Nutritional status, a PS >2, a dependence on IADL, a positive screening for depression, cognitive impairment, and a G8 ≤14 were independent risk factors associated with more geriatric interventions. Factors associated with more geriatric interventions could assist practitioners in selecting patients for specific geriatric follow-up. Further studies on the PACA EST cohort will focus on the level of intervention and adherence at follow-up. Research needs to not only focus on interventions but also on the quality of the implementation according to the guidelines. Standardization of the interventions is an important task, and research is underway in a number of studies being performed in the world [11].
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: R.B., S.G., N.C., S.L., E.F., P.H. and O.G.; methodology: S.G. and R.B.; software, S.G.; validation: R.B., S.G., N.C., S.L., E.F., P.H. and O.G.; formal analysis: S.G.; investigation: all authors; writing—original draft preparation: R.B., S.G., N.C., S.L., E.F., P.H. and O.G.; writing—review and editing: R.B., S.G., N.C., S.L., E.F., P.H. and O.G.; visualization: R.B.; supervision: R.B., O.G. and E.F.; project administration: R.B.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the patients, their caregivers, and all the health partners at the Nice Teaching Hospital, the Lacassagne Cancer Center, the Tzanck Clinic, the St Jean Clinic, and the Mougins Cancer Center.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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