Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated with Well-Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Ana P. Santos 1, Ana C. Santos 2,3, Clara Castro 3,4, Luís Raposo 3, Sofia S. Pereira 5,6
, Isabel Torres 1, Rui Henrique 7,8, Helena Cardoso 5,9 and Mariana P. Monteiro 5,6,*
, Isabel Torres 1, Rui Henrique 7,8, Helena Cardoso 5,9 and Mariana P. Monteiro 5,6,*
1
Department of Endocrinology of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto) & Clinical Research Unit—Research Center of IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
2
Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
3
EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
4
Department of Epidemiology of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
5
Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
6
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
7
Department of Pathology of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto) & Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center of IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
8
Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
9
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2018, 10(9), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10090293
Received: 25 July 2018 / Revised: 21 August 2018 / Accepted: 24 August 2018 / Published: 27 August 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity as a Risk Factor for Cancer)
Abstract
The determinants for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) recent burden are matters of debate. Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are well established risks for several cancers even though no link with GEP-NETs was yet established. Our aim in this study was to investigate whether well-differentiated GEP-NETs were associated with obesity and MetS. Patients with well-differentiated GEP-NETs (n = 96) were cross-matched for age, gender, and district of residence with a control group (n = 96) derived from the general population in a case-control study. Patients presented gastro-intestinal (75.0%) or pancreatic (22.9%) tumors, grade G1 (66.7%) or G2 (27.1%) with localized disease (31.3%), regional metastasis (16.7%) or distant metastasis (43.8%) at diagnosis, and 45.8% had clinical hormonal syndromes. MetS was defined according to Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. Well-differentiated GEP-NETs were associated with MetS criteria as well as the individual components’ waist circumference, fasting triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.003, p = 0.002, p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). The likelihood of the association was higher when the number of individual MetS components was greater than four. MetS and some individual MetS components including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, and increased fasting glucose are associated with well-differentiated GEP-NET. This data provides a novel insight in unraveling the mechanisms leading to GEP-NET disease. View Full-TextKeywords:
gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; abdominal obesity; metabolic syndrome; glucose abnormalities
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MDPI and ACS Style
Santos, A.P.; Santos, A.C.; Castro, C.; Raposo, L.; Pereira, S.S.; Torres, I.; Henrique, R.; Cardoso, H.; Monteiro, M.P. Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated with Well-Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers 2018, 10, 293.
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