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Micromachines
Volume 16
Issue 10
10.3390/mi16101127
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Principles of Operation and Application Extensions of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Structure and Material Optimization

by
Li Tao
1,*,
Tianyu Chen
1,
Jiale Wu
1,
Teng Zhang
1,
Lei Shao
1,
Haoliang Zhang
1,
Litao Liu
1,
Hongbo Wu
2,
Tao Chen
2 and
Jingdong Ji
2
1
Department of Robot Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
2
The New Energy Limited Company of Xu Zhou Bo Xu, E1-401, National Security Technology Industrial Park, Xuzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Xuzhou 221000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2025, 16(10), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101127
Submission received: 8 July 2025 / Revised: 22 September 2025 / Accepted: 25 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

As research on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) continues to advance, their applications are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. This paper aims to provide future researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the four fundamental operational principles of TENGs, enabling them to fully appreciate the unique characteristics and application scenarios of each mode. In doing so, researchers can make informed and well-grounded choices in selecting the most suitable operational mode for exploration and innovation, tailored to their specific fields and requirements. Furthermore, this paper aligns closely with the current research frontiers and development trends of TENGs by systematically reviewing the literature and analyzing recent developments in the field from three key perspectives: the expansion of application domains, innovations in structural design, and optimizations in material properties. Through this multidimensional framework, it not only highlights the broad potential and practical prospects of TENGs but also uncovers the latest advancements and future directions in technological breakthroughs and performance enhancement.
Keywords: triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); tribometric mechanisms; nanotechnology; energy conversion triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); tribometric mechanisms; nanotechnology; energy conversion

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tao, L.; Chen, T.; Wu, J.; Zhang, T.; Shao, L.; Zhang, H.; Liu, L.; Wu, H.; Chen, T.; Ji, J. Principles of Operation and Application Extensions of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Structure and Material Optimization. Micromachines 2025, 16, 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101127

AMA Style

Tao L, Chen T, Wu J, Zhang T, Shao L, Zhang H, Liu L, Wu H, Chen T, Ji J. Principles of Operation and Application Extensions of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Structure and Material Optimization. Micromachines. 2025; 16(10):1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101127

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tao, Li, Tianyu Chen, Jiale Wu, Teng Zhang, Lei Shao, Haoliang Zhang, Litao Liu, Hongbo Wu, Tao Chen, and Jingdong Ji. 2025. "Principles of Operation and Application Extensions of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Structure and Material Optimization" Micromachines 16, no. 10: 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101127

APA Style

Tao, L., Chen, T., Wu, J., Zhang, T., Shao, L., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Wu, H., Chen, T., & Ji, J. (2025). Principles of Operation and Application Extensions of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Structure and Material Optimization. Micromachines, 16(10), 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101127

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