Multi-Scale Structure and Directional Hydrophobicity of Titanium Alloy Surface Using Electrical Discharge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Characterization Methods
2.2. Macro-Micro Composite Structure Processing Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macrostructure Results
3.2. Microstructure Results
3.3. Titanium Alloy Macro-Micro Composite Surface Directional Hydrophobicity Analysis
3.3.1. Macrostructure Effects on Directional Surface
3.3.2. Effect of Microstructure on Surface Hydrophobicity
3.3.3. Surface with Macro-Micro Composite Structure by Low Surface Energy Modification
4. Conclusions
- The submillimeter grooves with the groove edge width of 150 μm, groove width of 250 μm, and groove depth of 250 μm were fabricated on the surface of titanium alloy by WEDM technology. The macroscopic structure is the reason for the directional hydrophobic surface of the titanium alloy.
- HV-μEAM technology is used to prepare microstructures on the groove edge of the macrostructure. The influence of micro-scale structure on directional contact angle is obtained by analyzing the surface morphology characteristics under different low-voltage electric current conditions. A maximum parallel contact angle of 140° and a perpendicular contact angle of 130° was achieved on the surface of the titanium macro-micro composite structure.
- After rubbing the directional hydrophobic titanium alloy specimens on sandpaper for 700 mm under a load of 100 g, the parallel contact angle and perpendicular contact angle still retained the directional hydrophobicity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (wt%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | V | Fe | O | C | N | H | Ti |
6.5 | 4.3 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Bal. |
Number | Pulse Width/μs | Pulse Interval/μs | Peak Current/A | Gap Voltage/V | Vacant Column | Edge Width /μm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 16 | 30 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 112.91 |
2 | 16 | 35 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 114.54 |
3 | 16 | 40 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 93.25 |
4 | 16 | 45 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 106.95 |
5 | 24 | 30 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 145.36 |
6 | 24 | 35 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 146.21 |
7 | 24 | 40 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 100.18 |
8 | 24 | 45 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 92.33 |
9 | 32 | 30 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 89.63 |
10 | 32 | 35 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 91.25 |
11 | 32 | 40 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 93.96 |
12 | 32 | 45 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 96.12 |
13 | 40 | 30 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 90.44 |
14 | 40 | 35 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 77.44 |
15 | 40 | 40 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 115.35 |
16 | 40 | 45 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 87.46 |
Pulse Width/μs | Pulse Interval/μs | Peak Current/A | Gap Voltage/V | Vacant Column | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kji | 427.65 | 438.33 | 440.54 | 386.65 | 411.84 |
484.08 | 429.43 | 471.36 | 391.26 | 391.80 | |
370.95 | 402.74 | 352.65 | 417.32 | 426.02 | |
370.68 | 382.86 | 388.82 | 458.14 | 423.71 | |
106.91 | 109.58 | 110.13 | 96.66 | 102.96 | |
121.02 | 107.36 | 117.84 | 97.81 | 97.95 | |
92.74 | 100.68 | 88.16 | 104.33 | 106.51 | |
92.67 | 95.72 | 97.20 | 114.53 | 105.93 | |
Rj | 28.35 | 13.86 | 29.68 | 17.87 | 8.56 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
High voltage (V) | 2000 |
High voltage current (mA) | 0.3 |
Low voltage (V) | 30 |
Low voltage current (A) | 0.5/1.0/1.5/2.0/2.5/3.0 |
Discharge medium | Ar |
Workpiece electrode (negative electrode) | TC4 |
Tool electrode (positive electrode) | Copper (ϕd: 500 μm) |
Discharge gap (μm) | 200 |
Scanning speed (μm/s) | 15 |
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Wang, M.; Peng, Z.; Li, C.; Zhang, J.; Wu, J.; Wang, F.; Li, Y.; Lan, H. Multi-Scale Structure and Directional Hydrophobicity of Titanium Alloy Surface Using Electrical Discharge. Micromachines 2022, 13, 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060937
Wang M, Peng Z, Li C, Zhang J, Wu J, Wang F, Li Y, Lan H. Multi-Scale Structure and Directional Hydrophobicity of Titanium Alloy Surface Using Electrical Discharge. Micromachines. 2022; 13(6):937. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060937
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Mengjie, Zilong Peng, Chi Li, Junyuan Zhang, Jinyin Wu, Fei Wang, Yinan Li, and Hongbo Lan. 2022. "Multi-Scale Structure and Directional Hydrophobicity of Titanium Alloy Surface Using Electrical Discharge" Micromachines 13, no. 6: 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060937