Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. HPLC Sample Preparation
3.3. Fluorescence HPLC Methods for Analysis of BMAA
3.4. UPLC/MS/MS of BMAA
3.5. Determination of Hg in Fins (CVAFS Method)
3.6. Determination of Total Mercury in Muscles (Thermal Decomposition Method)
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Abbreviations
ALS/PDC | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex |
AEG | N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine |
AQC | 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate |
BMAA | β-N-methylamino-l-alanine |
CVAFS | Cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry |
CCS | Calibration Check Samples |
CFm | Calibration factor |
CFx | Calibration factor |
DAB | 2,4-diaminobutyric acid |
FDOH | Florida Department of Health |
Hg | Mercury |
HPLC-FD | High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection |
LOD | Limits of detection |
LOQ | Limits of quantification |
MDLs | Method detection limits |
MeHg | Methyl mercury |
QCS | Quality Control Sample |
THg | Total mercury |
UPLC-MS/MS | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry |
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Scientific Name | International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Category | Common Name | Location | Month |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carharhinus acronotus | Near Threatened | Blacknose b | 25.09417oN 81.04234oW | March |
- | - | Blacknose b | 25.00858oN 81.00089oW | April |
- | - | Blacknose a | 25.62099oN 80.15602oW | October |
- | - | Blacknose a | Biscayne Bay | June |
- | - | Blacknose b | 25.09417oN 81.04234oW | December |
- | - | Blacknose b | 25.01089oN 81.00419oW | April |
Carcharhinus limbatus | Near Threatened | Blacktip b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | March |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip a | 25.59968oN 80.15205oW | July |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.01109oN 80.99832oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | March |
- | - | Blacktip a | 25.62592oN 80.15442oW | October |
- | - | Blacktip a | 25.61905oN 80.1714oW | October |
- | - | Blacktip a | 25.64757oN 80.1881oW | April |
- | - | Blacktip a | 25.67199oN 80.18144oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.01089oN 81.00419oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00976oN 81.00079oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | September |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.01715oN 81.01056oW | October |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.01715oN 81.01056oW | February |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.01089oN 81.00419oW | April |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00858oN 81.00089oW | December |
- | - | Blacktip b | 25.00623oN 80.99723oW | March |
Sphyrna tiburo | Least concerned | Bonnethead a | 25.36711oN 80.14806oW | March |
- | - | Bonnethead a | 25.36711oN 80.14806oW | March |
- | - | Bonnethead a | 25.40807oN 80.21806oW | October |
- | - | Bonnethead b | 25.36711oN 80.14806oW | March |
Carcharhinus leucas | Near threatened | Bull b | 25.01715oN 81.01056oW | September |
- | - | Bull b | 25.01309oN 80.00129oW | September |
- | - | Bull b | 25.00623oN 80.99723oW | March |
Sphyrna mokarran | Endangered | Great Hammerhead a | 25.62138oN 80.15656oW | July |
- | - | Great Hammerhead b | 25.01715oN 81.01056oW | September |
- | - | Great Hammerhead a | 25.740092oN 79.967258oW | May |
- | - | Great Hammerhead b | 26.61587oN 79.96725oW | February |
- | - | Great Hammerhead b | 26.457892oN 80.053938 oW | April |
Negaprion brevirostris | Near threatened | Lemon b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | June |
- | - | Lemon b | 25.00644oN 80.99969oW | March |
Ginglymostoma cirraum | Data deficient | Nurse a | 25.61942oN 80.1835 oW | September |
- | - | Nurse b | 24.88335oN 80.84475 oW | April |
- | - | Nurse b | 25.00644oN 80.99969 oW | March |
- | - | Nurse a | 25.62311oN 80.15626oW | August |
- | - | Nurse a | 25.60062oN 80.15214 oW | August |
- | - | Nurse a | 25.60569oN 80.1534 oW | August |
- | - | Nurse a | 25.62311oN 80.15626 oW | August |
- | - | Nurse b | 25.00858oN 80.00089 oW | September |
- | - | Nurse b | Florida Bay | January |
- | - | Nurse b | 25.00983oN 80.99305oW | March |
Rhizoprionodon terraenovae | Least Concerned | Atlantic Sharpnose b | 25.00858oN 81.00089oW | April |
- | - | Atlantic Sharpnose b | 25.10566oN 81.04757oW | April |
- | - | Atlantic Sharpnose b | Florida Bay | April |
Sphyrna zygaena | Vulnerable | Smooth Hammerhead a | 26.117727oN 80.09734oW | February |
Galeocerdo cuvier | Near threatened | Tiger c | −21.12055oN 149.22416oE | January |
- | - | Tiger c | −32.78278oN 152.41171oE | January |
- | - | Tiger c | −24.81665oN 152.47257 oE | September |
- | - | Tiger c | −24.81665oN 152.47257 oE | March |
Species | Range (ng/mg) | Detected Mean ± SE (ng/mg) | BMAA/Length (ng/100 cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Blacknose (n = 6) a | ND–1663 | 573 ± 322 * | 473 |
Blacktip (n = 17) a | ND–811 | 282 ± 72 * | 203 |
Bonnethead (n = 4) a | 40–1836 | 707 ± 395 | 925 |
Bull (n = 3) a | 43–264 | 180 ± 69 | 103 |
Great Hammerhead (n = 5) a | 42–1528 | 576 ± 272 | 273 |
Lemon (n = 2) a | 556–628 | 592 ± 36 | 322 |
Nurse (n = 10) a | ND–2011 | 442 ± 315 * | 216 |
Sharpnose (n = 3) a | 40–115 | 68 ± 24 | 47 |
Smooth Hammerhead (n = 1) a | - | 43 | 21 |
Tiger (n = 4) b | 34–44 | 39 ± 2 | 11 |
Species | HPLC-FD * (ng/mg) | UPLC-MS/MS * (ng/mg) |
---|---|---|
Galeocerdo cuvier | - | - |
Tiger a | 35.60 ± 1.90 | 19.20 ± 7.10 |
Tiger a | 31.50 ± 2.60 | 20.68 ± 3.50 |
Tiger a | 39.60 ± 4.70 | 33.15 ± 5.60 |
Tiger a | 38.90 ± 5.10 | 20.17 ± 2.40 |
Species | Range Hg (ng/mg) | THg (ng/mg) * | MeHg (ng/mg) * | BMAA:THg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blacknose a | 0.05–5.65 | 1.93 ± 2.27 (n = 3) | 0.71 ± 0.02 (n = 2) | 429:1 |
Blacktip a | 0.22–7.73 | 3.70 ± 0.69 (n = 16) | 1.40 ± 0.75 (n = 7) | 368:1 |
Bonnethead a | 0.41–1.77 | 0.96 ± 0.32 (n = 4) | 0.56 ± 0.44 (n = 4) | 668:1 |
Bull a | 3.24–13.23 | 7.26 ± 3.04 (n = 3) | 2.32 (n = 1) | 27:1 |
Great Hammerhead a | - | 3.29 (n = 1) | N/A | 465:1 |
Lemon a | 0.27–1.34 | 0.81 ± 0.54 (n = 2) | 0.26 ± 0.08 (n = 2) | 1390:1 |
Nurse a | 0.06–0.48 | 0.24 ± 0.04 (n = 10) | N/A | 1509:1 |
Sharpnose a | 0.44–2.41 | 1.42 ± 0.98 (n = 2) | 0.25 (n = 1) | 70:1 |
Smooth Hammerhead a | - | 2.85 (n = 1) | N/A | 15:1 |
Tiger b | 0.12–1.61 | 0.74 ± 0.36 (n = 4) | N/A | 23:1 |
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Share and Cite
Hammerschlag, N.; Davis, D.A.; Mondo, K.; Seely, M.S.; Murch, S.J.; Glover, W.B.; Divoll, T.; Evers, D.C.; Mash, D.C. Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks. Toxins 2016, 8, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8080238
Hammerschlag N, Davis DA, Mondo K, Seely MS, Murch SJ, Glover WB, Divoll T, Evers DC, Mash DC. Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks. Toxins. 2016; 8(8):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8080238
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammerschlag, Neil, David A. Davis, Kiyo Mondo, Matthew S. Seely, Susan J. Murch, William Broc Glover, Timothy Divoll, David C. Evers, and Deborah C. Mash. 2016. "Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks" Toxins 8, no. 8: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8080238