Scorpions from Mexico: From Species Diversity to Venom Complexity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Families | Worldwide | Mexico | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genera | Species | Genera | Species | % Genera | % Species | |
Akravidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bothriuridae | 16 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Buthidae | 92 | 1054 | 2 | 44 | 2 | 4 |
Caraboctonidae | 5 | 31 | 3 | 9 | 60 | 29 |
Chactidae | 12 | 178 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
Chaerilidae | 1 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Diplocentridae | 10 | 121 | 3 | 58 | 30 | 48 |
Euscorpiidae | 4 | 51 | 3 | 8 | 75 | 16 |
Hemiscorpiidae | 1 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heteroscorpionidae | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hormuridae | 11 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Iuridae | 4 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudochactidae | 3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scorpionidae | 9 | 152 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scorpiopidae | 6 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Superstitioniidae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 100 |
Troglotayosicidae | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Typhlochactidae | 4 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 100 | 100 |
Urodacidae | 2 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vaejovidae | 23 | 201 | 21 | 149 | 91 | 74 |
Totals | 208 | 2231 | 38 | 281 | 18 | 13 |
Scorpion Taxonomy and Systematics
2. Mexican Scorpion Diversity
2.1. Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837
2.2. Family Caraboctonidae Krapelin, 1905
2.3. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893
2.4. Family Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880
2.5. Family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896
2.6. Family Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940
2.7. Family Typhlochactidae Mitchell, 1971
2.8. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876
3. Geographical Hotspots and Environmental Variables as Indicators of Explored Areas in Mexico
4. Venomic Studies in Mexico
Species | # Peptides | Most Relevant | References |
---|---|---|---|
Anuroctonus pococki | 8 | Phaiodotoxin | [43] |
Centruroides elegans | 12 | CeII8 | [101] |
Centruroides exilicauda | 17 | Neurotoxin Cex11 | [71] |
Centruroides gracilis | 4 | Toxin Cg2 | [85] |
Centruroides infamatus | 1 | Beta toxin Cii1 | [74] |
Centruroides limpidus | 20 | Cll1, Cll2 | [74,79] |
Centruroides margaritatus | 1 | Margatoxin | [102] |
Centruroides noxius | 31 | Noxiustoxin, Cn2 | [56,57,58,59,61,62,63,103] |
Centruroides sculpturatus | 26 | CsEv1 | [70] |
Centruroides suffusus | 8 | CssII | [104] |
Centruroides tecomanus | 37 | Clt1 | [77,105] |
Hoffmannihadrurus gertschi | 13 | Hadrucalcin, Hadrurin, Hge scorpine | [40,91,98,106] |
Mesomexovis punctatus | 15 | VpAmp1 | [107,108] |
Mesomexovis subcristatus | 8 | ViSplp1 | [107] |
Thorellius intrepidus | 14 | ViCaTx1 | [107] |
Vaejovis mexicanus | 22 | Vejovine, Vm23, Vm24 | [92,96,97] |
5. Natural History, Behavior and Ecology Studies of Mexican Scorpions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Santibáñez-López, C.E.; Francke, O.F.; Ureta, C.; Possani, L.D. Scorpions from Mexico: From Species Diversity to Venom Complexity. Toxins 2016, 8, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8010002
Santibáñez-López CE, Francke OF, Ureta C, Possani LD. Scorpions from Mexico: From Species Diversity to Venom Complexity. Toxins. 2016; 8(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantibáñez-López, Carlos E., Oscar F. Francke, Carolina Ureta, and Lourival D. Possani. 2016. "Scorpions from Mexico: From Species Diversity to Venom Complexity" Toxins 8, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8010002