Detection of Cyanotoxins, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and Microcystins, from a Lake Surrounded by Cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results
Tissue | Number of replicates examined | BMAA total ± SD (μg BMAA/g sample) | DAB total ± SD (μg DAB/g sample) | Ratio of m/z 289/171 from parent m/z 459 at retention time for BMAA | Ratio of m/z 119/171 from parent m/z 459 at retention time for BMAA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carp brain | 3 | 0.43 ± 0.02 # | 0.01 ± 0.002 # | 13.2 ± 1.2 * | 28.9 ± 0.6 * |
Carp liver | 3 | 1.28 ± 0.03 | ND | 12.5 ± 0.8 * | 29.3 ± 1.7 * |
Carp muscle | 1 | 1.27 | ND | 13.2 | 29.4 |
BMAA standard | 4 | - | - | 12.4 ± 0.9 | 31.0 ± 1.6 |
Toxin Analysis | Lake | Date |
---|---|---|
ND | 2972 Goose Pond (cyano B + microcystin positive) | 4 July 2011 |
DAB | 2973-1 Goose Pond (Background—No Blooms) | 24 May 2010 |
DAB at 5 ng/cm2 filter | 2973-2 Goose Pond | 25 May 2010 |
AEG + DAB | Mascoma Lake 4 | 19–21 September 2009 |
AEG + DAB + BMAA | Mascoma Lake 5 | 13–15 September 2009 |
2.2. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Fish Tissue Analysis
3.2. Microcystin Preparation and Analysis
3.3. Aerosol Collection
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Banack, S.A.; Caller, T.; Henegan, P.; Haney, J.; Murby, A.; Metcalf, J.S.; Powell, J.; Cox, P.A.; Stommel, E. Detection of Cyanotoxins, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and Microcystins, from a Lake Surrounded by Cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Toxins 2015, 7, 322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7020322
Banack SA, Caller T, Henegan P, Haney J, Murby A, Metcalf JS, Powell J, Cox PA, Stommel E. Detection of Cyanotoxins, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and Microcystins, from a Lake Surrounded by Cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Toxins. 2015; 7(2):322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7020322
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanack, Sandra Anne, Tracie Caller, Patricia Henegan, James Haney, Amanda Murby, James S. Metcalf, James Powell, Paul Alan Cox, and Elijah Stommel. 2015. "Detection of Cyanotoxins, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and Microcystins, from a Lake Surrounded by Cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" Toxins 7, no. 2: 322-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7020322