Detection of Ochratoxin A in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Samples Collection and Ethical Approval
5.2. Reagents
5.3. Chromatographic Method
5.3.1. Sample Preparation and OTA Quantification
5.3.2. Method Validation
5.4. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
HPLC | High-performance Liquid Chromatography |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
LOD | Limit of detection |
LOQ | Limit of quantification |
OTA | Ochratoxin A |
RSD | Relative standard deviation |
SD | Standard deviation |
References
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Parameters | Muscle | Liver | Kidney | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OTA | ||||
LOD (μg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
LOQ (μg/kg) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
r2 | 0.998 | 0.996 | 0.995 | |
Repeatability (µg/kg) | ||||
0.25 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 0.23 ± 0.01 6.20 | 0.22 ± 0.01 3.64 | 0.22 ± 0.016.15 |
2.50 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 2.50 ± 0.25 10.00 | 2.32 ± 0.27 11.89 | 2.21 ± 0.209.08 |
10.0 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 10.07 ± 0.30 3.03 | 9.73 ± 0.70 7.22 | 9.45 ± 0.222.30 |
Reproducibility (µg/kg) | ||||
0.25 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 0.23 ± 0.02 8.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 8.65 | 0.21 ± 0.016.17 |
2.50 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 2.29 ± 0.30 13.37 | 2.41 ± 0.31 4.03 | 2.11 ± 0.209.48 |
10.0 | Mean concentration ± SD RSD (%) | 9.74 ± 0.33 3.45 | 9.52 ± 0.43 4.48 | 9.50 ± 0.232.42 |
Recovery (%) | ||||
0.25 | 91.57 ± 8.01 | 90.29 ± 7.67 | 87.86 ± 4.10 | |
2.5 | 94.14 ± 12.64 | 97.86 ± 15.04 | 83.86 ± 7.71 | |
10.0 | 98.17 ± 3.37 | 95.80 ± 4.38 | 94.43 ± 2.22 |
Sex | N | Kidney | Muscle | Liver |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 10 | 0.65 (0.32–2.67) | 0.43 (0.08–3.80) | 0.21 (0.10–2.13) |
Female | 16 | 0.68 (0.17–2.19) | 0.56 (0.03–3.80) | 0.25 (0.03–1.47) |
Age Class | N | Kidney | Muscle | Liver |
---|---|---|---|---|
Young | 17 | 0.65 (0.25–2.67) | 0.77 (0.20–3.80) | 0.22 (0.03–2.13) |
Adult | 9 | 0.67 (0.17–1.89) | 0.25 (0.03–0.56) | 0.24 (0.08–1.42) |
r | p | |
---|---|---|
Kidney vs. Muscle | 0.26 (0.025–0.46) | 0.03 |
Kidney vs. Liver | 0.84 (0.75–0.89) | 2.90 × 10⁻²⁰ |
Muscle vs. Liver | 0.11 (-0.12–0.33) | 0.34 |
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Damiano, S.; Longobardi, C.; De Marchi, L.; Piscopo, N.; Meucci, V.; Lenzi, A.; Ciarcia, R. Detection of Ochratoxin A in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Italy. Toxins 2025, 17, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17020074
Damiano S, Longobardi C, De Marchi L, Piscopo N, Meucci V, Lenzi A, Ciarcia R. Detection of Ochratoxin A in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Italy. Toxins. 2025; 17(2):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17020074
Chicago/Turabian StyleDamiano, Sara, Consiglia Longobardi, Lucia De Marchi, Nadia Piscopo, Valentina Meucci, Alessio Lenzi, and Roberto Ciarcia. 2025. "Detection of Ochratoxin A in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Italy" Toxins 17, no. 2: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17020074
APA StyleDamiano, S., Longobardi, C., De Marchi, L., Piscopo, N., Meucci, V., Lenzi, A., & Ciarcia, R. (2025). Detection of Ochratoxin A in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Italy. Toxins, 17(2), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17020074