Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Structural and Functional Underpinnings of Snake Venom PLA2s
2.2. The Influence of Diverse Ecologies on the Evolution of Snake Venom PLA2s
2.3. Distinct Phylogenetic Histories of Elapid and Viperid Venom PLA2s
2.4. The Impact of Structure–Function, Ecology and Evolution on the Diversification of Snake Venom PLA2s
3. Conclusions
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Dataset Assembly and Phylogenetic Reconstructions
4.2. Selection Analyses
4.3. Structural Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | |
---|---|
Group I (Elapidae) | |
Naja spp. | Phylogenetic clustering |
Ophiophagus Hannah * | Phylogenetic clustering, ecological constraint |
Walterinnesia aegyptia * | Phylogenetic clustering, ecological constraint |
β-bungarotoxins | Phylogenetic clustering, structural constraint |
Australian elapid clades I, II and III | Phylogenetic clustering, ecological constraint |
Sea kraits | Phylogenetic clustering, ecological constraint |
Aipysurus eydouxii | Phylogenetic clustering, dietary specialisation |
Micrurus spp. | Phylogenetic clustering, dietary specialisation |
Orphan clades I, II, III and IV * | Phylogenetic clustering |
Pancreatic | Structural constraint |
Group II (Viperidae) | |
D49 | Catalysis |
H49 * | Catalysis |
K49 | Catalysis |
N49 | Catalysis |
R49 * | Catalysis |
S49 | Catalysis |
T49 * | Catalysis |
Group | FUBAR a | MEME b | PAML c | Solvent Accessibility (Number of Residues) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed | Buried | ||||
Elapidae | |||||
Naja spp. | ω > 1 d: 3 ω < 1 e: 4 | 1 | 15 | 12 | 0 |
ω **: 1.19 | |||||
β-bungarotoxin | ω > 1 d: 14 ω < 1 e: 11 | 23 | 13 | 9 | 0 |
ω **: 0.96 | |||||
Australian elapid clade I | ω > 1 d: 6 ω < 1 e: 4 | 1 | 18 | 12 | 0 |
ω **: 1.50 | |||||
Australian elapid clade II | ω > 1 d: 24 ω < 1 e: 10 | 17 | 35 | 27 | 2 |
ω **: 1.71 | |||||
Australian elapid clade III | ω > 1 d: 24 ω < 1 e: 9 | 21 | 33 | 21 | 3 |
ω **: 1.64 | |||||
Sea kraits | ω > 1 d: 5 ω < 1 e: 1 | 1 | 26 | 16 | 3 |
ω **: 2.40 | |||||
A. eydouxii | ω > 1 d: 1 ω < 1 e: 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
ω: 2.34 | |||||
Micrurus spp. | ω > 1 d: 25 ω < 1 e: 6 | 33 | 24 | 15 | 1 |
ω **: 1.34 | |||||
Pancreatic PLA2s | ω > 1 d: 32 ω < 1 e: 13 | 21 | 33 | 21 | 1 |
ω **: 1.37 | |||||
Viperidae | |||||
D49 | ω > 1 d: 25 ω < 1 e: 50 | 42 | 21 | 16 | 0 |
ω **: 0.83 | |||||
K49 | ω > 1 d: 13 ω < 1 e: 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 1 |
ω **: 0.92 | |||||
N49 | ω > 1 d: 17 ω < 1 e: 8 | 6 | 17 | 11 | 1 |
ω **: 1.34 | |||||
S49 | ω > 1 d: 1 ω < 1 e: 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 0 |
ω **: 1.7044 |
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Suranse, V.; Jackson, T.N.W.; Sunagar, K. Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2. Toxins 2022, 14, 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060420
Suranse V, Jackson TNW, Sunagar K. Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2. Toxins. 2022; 14(6):420. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060420
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuranse, Vivek, Timothy N. W. Jackson, and Kartik Sunagar. 2022. "Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2" Toxins 14, no. 6: 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060420