Comprehensive Assessment of the Time Course of Biomechanical, Electrophysiological and Neuro-Motor Effects after Botulinum Toxin Injections in Elbow Flexors of Chronic Stroke Survivors with Spastic Hemiplegia: A Cross Sectional Observation Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Assessment of BoNT Effects
2.1.1. Elbow Flexor Spasticity
2.1.2. Muscle Strength—Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) Tasks
2.2. Biomechanical Assessment of BoNT Effects
2.3. The Effect of BoNT on Neuro-Motor Performance
2.4. Neurophysiological Assessment of BoNT Effects—CMAP Amplitude
3. Discussion
3.1. BoNT Effects on Elbow Flexor Spastic Hypertonia
3.2. Effects on Neuro-Motor Control of Spastic Muscles
3.3. Clinical Implications
4. Conclusions
5. Methods
5.1. Participants
5.2. Experimental Set-Up
5.3. Experimental Protocol
5.4. Data Analysis
5.4.1. Neuro-Motor Performance
5.4.2. Resistance Torque
5.4.3. CMAP
5.5. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BoNT | Botulinum neurotoxin |
CMAP | compound muscle action potential |
MAS | modified Ashworth scale |
MVC | Maximum Voluntary Contraction |
CV | coefficient of variation |
References
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ID | Age | Gender | History of Stroke (Mons) | Paretic Side | Dominant Side | Elbow Flexor MAS (Pre-Injection) | Elbow Flexor MAS (3-Wks) | Elbow Flexor MAS (3-Mons) | Lesion Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 60 | M | 23 | Left | Right | 2 | 2 | 2 | Hemorrhagic |
2 | 52 | F | 104 | Left | Right | 2 | 1+ | 1+ | Ischemic |
3 | 40 | F | 77 | Right | Right | 2 | 1+ | 2 | Ischemic |
4 | 53 | M | 68 | Left | Right | 2 | 1+ | 2 | Hemorrhagic |
5 | 49 | M | 89 | Left | Right | 2 | 2 | 2 | Hemorrhagic |
6 | 63 | M | 137 | Left | Right | 2 | 1+ | 1+ | Ischemic |
7 | 49 | M | 7 | Right | Right | 2 | 1+ | 2 | Ischemic |
8 | 40 | M | 39 | Right | Right | 2 | 1+ | 1+ | Hemorrhagic |
9 | 68 | F | 7 | Left | Right | 2 | 2 | 2 | Ischemic |
10 | 65 | M | 29 | Left | Right | 2 | 1+ | 2 | Hemorrhagic |
11 | 39 | F | 76 | Right | Right | 2 | 1 | 2 | Hemorrhagic |
12 | 46 | F | 117 | Right | Right | 3 | 2 | 2 | Ischemic |
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Chen, Y.-T.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, C.; Magat, E.; Zhou, P.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S. Comprehensive Assessment of the Time Course of Biomechanical, Electrophysiological and Neuro-Motor Effects after Botulinum Toxin Injections in Elbow Flexors of Chronic Stroke Survivors with Spastic Hemiplegia: A Cross Sectional Observation Study. Toxins 2022, 14, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020104
Chen Y-T, Liu Y, Zhang C, Magat E, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Li S. Comprehensive Assessment of the Time Course of Biomechanical, Electrophysiological and Neuro-Motor Effects after Botulinum Toxin Injections in Elbow Flexors of Chronic Stroke Survivors with Spastic Hemiplegia: A Cross Sectional Observation Study. Toxins. 2022; 14(2):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020104
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yen-Ting, Yang Liu, Chuan Zhang, Elaine Magat, Ping Zhou, Yingchun Zhang, and Sheng Li. 2022. "Comprehensive Assessment of the Time Course of Biomechanical, Electrophysiological and Neuro-Motor Effects after Botulinum Toxin Injections in Elbow Flexors of Chronic Stroke Survivors with Spastic Hemiplegia: A Cross Sectional Observation Study" Toxins 14, no. 2: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020104