Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, and Quercetin Do Not Protect against C. d. terrificus Venom-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade In Vitro
2.2. Systemic Effects
2.3. Analysis of the Tannic Acid–Venom Interaction
2.4. Other Parameters Analyzed
3. Further Considerations and Conclusions
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Phytochemicals
4.2. Venom
4.3. Antivenom
4.4. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
4.5. Animals
4.6. Mouse Phrenic Nerve-Diaphragm Preparations
4.7. In Vivo Experiments
4.7.1. Selection of C. d. terrificus Venom Dose for Severe Envenomation
4.7.2. The Efficacy of Tannic Acid against the Lethality of C. d. terrificus Venom
4.7.3. Analytical Procedures Performed on Blood and Renal Tissue Samples
4.8. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substance(s) | Activity Evaluated | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Varespladib (LY315920) and its orally bioavailable prodrug, methyl-varespladib (LY333013) | Protection against the lethality of neurotoxic snake venoms (Notechis scutatus, Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bungarus multicinctus, Oxyuranus scutellatus) in mice. | Varespladib abrogated or delayed the neurotoxic manifestations induced by some venoms in which neurotoxicity was mainly dependent on presynaptically active PLA2s. LY315920 reversed the paralytic manifestations in severely envenomed mice. | [10] |
Vanillic acid | Inhibition of PLA2 and proteases. | Vanillic acid inhibited the PLA2 activity of Bothrops alternatus (∼25% inhibition) and the caseinolytic activity of Bothrops atrox (∼30%), Bothrops jararacussu (∼44%), and C. d. terrificus (∼33%). | [11] |
Antibodies against synthetic peptides | Antigenicity/immunogenicity of crotoxin and crotamine. | Antibodies against synthetic peptides protected mice against venom lethality. | [12] |
Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Plinia jaboticaba skins | Inhibition of PLA2 and proteases. | Inhibition of the PLA2 activity of Bothrops moojeni and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, but not B. atrox venom. The greatest inhibition of hemolysis was observed for the methanolic extract when incubated with B. moojeni and C. d. terrificus venoms (inhibition of 21–100%). Thrombolysis induced by B. moojeni and C. d. terrificus venoms was inhibited by both extracts (by 32–83% and 51–83% for the aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively). | [13] |
Essential oil from Lippia origanoides | Inhibition of PLA2 activity. | Potentiation of hemolytic activity in preincubation protocols and presence of prothrombotic activity. | [14] |
Casuarictin from Laguncularia racemosa | Inhibition of secretory PLA2 (sPLA2). | The anti-inflammatory activity suggested a potential use of this compound in treating edema and myonecrosis induced by sPLA2. | [15] |
8-C-rhamnosyl apigenin from Peperomia obtusifolia | Inhibition of sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). | Inhibition of C. d. terrificus sPLA2 and cPLA2, but also significant inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity. | [16] |
Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5CQA), isolated from Baccharis oxyodonta | Effect on sPLA2 structure and pharmacological activity. | 5CQA modulated the inflammatory activity of sPLA2. | [17] |
N-acetyl-cysteine | Protection against venom-induced renal damage. | The renal protection observed with NAC suggested a potential usefulness, along with antivenom therapy, in envenomation by C. d. terrificus. | [18] |
Allopurinol and probenecid | Effects of allopurinol and probenecid on venom-induced renal dysfunction. | Allopurinol deserves to be clinically evaluated as an ancillary treatment for snakebite along with antivenom. | [19] |
Quercetin | Inhibition of sPLA2. | Quercetin inhibited the enzymatic activity and some pharmacological activities of sPLA2, including its antibacterial activity, its ability to induce platelet aggregation, and its myotoxicity, but did not reduce the inflammatory and neurotoxic activities of sPLA2. | [20] |
Camellia sinensis extract and its metabolites theoflavin and epigallocatechin gallate | Inhibition of venom-induced in vitro neuromuscular blockade. | The extract and theoflavin, but not epigallocatechin gallate, protected against irreversible neuromuscular blockade induced by C. d. terrificus venom in mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm. | [21] |
Lipoic acid | Effects of lipoic acid (LA) on lethality, renal dysfunction, aminopeptidase and GSSG/GSH levels in venom-injected mice. | LA solubilized/removed proteins from the membrane-bound fraction with impairment of most aminopeptidase activity but could still be useful for the treatment of directly induced venom nephrotoxicity. | [22] |
Aqueous extract from Mikania glomerata | Inhibition of PLA2s, metalloproteinases and serine proteinases. | PLA2 activity and C. d. terrificus venom-induced edema were inhibited around 100% and ∼40%, respectively. Total inhibition of clotting activity. | [23] |
Attenuation of clinical and laboratory manifestations of venom in Wistar rats. | Envenomation caused hypothermia, local edema, sedation, and a decrease in locomotion. The extract enhanced the recovery from sedation. | [24] | |
Genetically modified Eclipta alba and active coumestans | Inhibition of PLA2 and venom-induced myotoxicity. | Clone 19 and isolated coumestans (wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone) inhibited the myotoxic activity of venom PLA2. | [25] |
Tannic acid | Inhibition of venom-induced in vitro neuromuscular blockade. | Tannic acid abolished the venom-induced paralysis. | [26] |
Aqueous extract of Schizolobium parahyba (Caesalpinoideae) leaves | Inhibition of PLA2 and biological activities of C. d. terrificus venom. | The aqueous extract of S. parahyba neutralized PLA2 and biological activities (e.g., coagulant activity) of the venom. | [27] |
Alkaloid from Tabernaemontana catharinensis | Inhibition of venom lethality and myotoxicity. | Tabernaemontana catharinensis could be a useful source for model molecules to neutralize the lethality and myotoxicity of C. d. terrificus venom. | [28] |
Heparin | The effects of crotapotin (a non-toxic and non-enzymatic acid polypeptide naturally complexed with PLA2 in the venom) and of heparin on rat paw edema induced by different sPLA2. The ability of crotapotin to modulate the enzymatic activity of sPLA2 was also evaluated. | Despite the great homology between the various types of sPLA2, they interacted with crotapotin on cell surfaces in different ways, leading to either inhibition or potentiation of the paw edema by a mechanism unrelated to their enzymatic activity. | [29] |
Encapsulated crotoxin in liposomes | Assessment of immunogenicity. | Crotoxin encapsulated into dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV/crotoxin) was less toxic than crotoxin emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA/crotoxin) and induced lower levels of anti-crotoxin antibodies but similar levels of protection when inoculated at high doses (20 or 70 μg of crotoxin/mouse). When DRV/crotoxin was adsorbed to alum at the time of immunization, it induced antibody and protection levels comparable to those produced by FCA/crotoxin. | [30] |
Gangliosides | Evaluation of ability of a mixture of gangliosides to neutralize the effects of venom in vitro and in vivo. | Gangliosides effectively neutralized the toxic effects of venom in vitro and in vivo and the intramuscular injection of gangliosides after venom administration protected envenomed animals. | [31] |
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Oliveira, I.C.F.; Yoshida, E.H.; Dini, M.M.J.; Paschoal, A.B.O.; Cogo, J.C.; da Cruz-Höfling, M.A.; Hyslop, S.; Oshima-Franco, Y. Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom. Toxins 2021, 13, 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110801
Oliveira ICF, Yoshida EH, Dini MMJ, Paschoal ABO, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Oshima-Franco Y. Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom. Toxins. 2021; 13(11):801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110801
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Isadora Caruso Fontana, Edson Hideaki Yoshida, Murilo Melo Juste Dini, Ana Beatriz Olívio Paschoal, José Carlos Cogo, Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling, Stephen Hyslop, and Yoko Oshima-Franco. 2021. "Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom" Toxins 13, no. 11: 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110801