Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ciguatoxins
3. Extraction of Ciguatoxins from Fish Tissue
4. Detection and Quantification of Ciguatoxins
4.1. Indigenous Tests
4.2. Animal-Feeding Bioassay Tests
4.3. Mouse Bioassay (MBA)
4.4. Cell-Based Assay (Cytotoxicity Assay)
Assay 1 | Fish Species (Family) | Equiv. 2 | Mass 3 (g) | Conc. 2 (ng g−1) | LOQ 4,5 (ng g−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBA-N2a | Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhinidae) | P-CTX-1 | 10 6 | 92.78 | 0.13 | [19] |
CBA-N2a | Lutjanus sp. (Lutjanidae) | P-CTX-1 | 5 | 0.4708 | 0.032 | [21] |
CBA-N2a | Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) | P-CTX-1 | 20 7 | 539 | 0.0016 | [23] |
CBA-N2a | Seriola fasciata (Carangidae) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | 1.4 | n.a. | [51] |
CBA-N2a | Chlorurus microrhinos (Parrotfish) | P-CTX-3C | 10 | 6.66 | 0.064 | [77] |
CBA-N2a | Epinephelus merra (Serranidae) | P-CTX-3C | 10 | 3.31 | 0.064 | [77] |
CBA-N2a | Seriola fasciata (Carangidae) | P-CTX-1 | 10 | 6.231 | 0.0096 | [78] |
CBA-N2a | Balistes vetula (Balistidae) | C-CTX-1 | n.a. | 0–0.11 | 0.006 | [85] |
CBA-N2a | Sphyraena barracuda (Sphyraenidae) | C-CTX-1 | 10 7 | 2.1 | 0.039 | [86] |
CBA-N2a | Balistapus undulatus (Balistidae) | P-CTX-1 | 5 | 4.64 | 0.00195 | [87] |
CBA-N2a | Epinephelus multinotatus (Serranidae) | P-CTX-1 | 5 | 6.49 | 0.00195 | [87] |
CBA-N2a | Sphyraena barracuda (Sphyraenidae) | C-CTX-1 | n.a. | 0.099 | 0.001 | [88] |
R-RBA | Scarus altipinnis (Scaridae) | P-CTX-3C | 5 | 0.36–4.52 | 0.155 | [89] |
R-RBA | Kyphosus cinerascens (Kyphosidae) | P-CTX-3C | 5 | 0.46–4.25 | 0.155 | [89] |
R-RBA | Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae) | P-CTX-3C | 5 | 0.36–3.29 | 0.155 | [89] |
R-RBA | Liza vaigiensis (Mugilidae) | P-CTX-3C | 5 | 16.23 | 0.155 | [89] |
F-RBA | Pterois volitans (Scorpaenidae) | C-CTX-1 | 5 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.23 | [90] |
4.5. Receptor-Binding Assays (RBA)
4.6. Immunoassays
4.7. HPLC, LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS
5. Outlook and Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pacific CTXs | Caribbean CTXs | ||||
P-CTX-1 | C60H86O19 | 1110.6 [37] | C-CTX-1 5 | C62H92O19 | 1140.6 [35] |
52-epi-P-CTX-1 | C60H86O19 | 1110.6 [38] | C-CTX-2 5 | C62H92O19 | 1140.6 [35] |
54-epi-P-CTX-1 | C60H86O19 | 1110.6 [38] | C-CTX-1141a | n.a. | 1140.6 [34] |
54-epi-52-epi-P-CTX-1 | C60H86O19 | 1110.6 [38] | C-CTX-1141b | n.a. | 1140.6 [34] |
P-CTX-2 2 | C60H86O18 | 1094.6 [33] | C-CTX-1141c | n.a. | 1140.6 [34] |
P-CTX-3 2 | C60H86O18 | 1094.6 [33] | C-CTX-1127 | n.a. | 1126.6 [34] |
7-oxo-P-CTX-1 | C60H86O20 | 1126.6 [38] | C-CTX-1143 | n.a. | 1142.6 [34] |
6,7-diH-7-OH-P-CTX-1 | C60H88O20 | 1128.6 [38] | C-CTX-1143a | n.a. | 1142.6 [34] |
3,4-diH-4-OH-7-oxo-P-CTX-1 | C60H88O21 | 1144.6 [38] | C-CTX-1157 | n.a. | 1156.6 [34] |
54-deoxy-50-OH-P-CTX-1 | C60H86O19 | 1110.6 [38] | C-CTX-1157a | n.a. | 1156.6 [34] |
P-CTX-3C 3 | C57H82O16 | 1022.6 [39] | C-CTX-1157b | n.a. | 1156.6 [34] |
P-CTX-3B 3 | C57H82O16 | 1022.6 [38] | C-CTX-1159 | n.a. | 1158.6 [34] |
51-OH-P-CTX-3C | C57H82O17 | 1038.6 [40] | |||
2,3-diH-2-OH-P-CTX-3C | C57H84O17 | 1040.6 [38] | Indian CTXs | ||
2,3-diH-2,3-diOH-P-CTX-3C | C57H84O18 | 1056.6 [40] | I-CTX-1 | C62H92O19 | 1140.6 [15] |
M-seco-P-CTX-3C | C57H84O17 | 1040.6 [41] | I-CTX-2 | C62H92O19 | 1140.6 [15] |
P-CTX-4A 4 | C60H84O16 | 1060.6 [42] | I-CTX-3 | C62H92O20 | 1156.6 [15] |
P-CTX-4B 4 | C60H84O16 | 1060.6 [37] | I-CTX-4 | C62H92O20 | 1156.6 [15] |
M-seco-P-CTX-4A/B | C60H86O17 | 1078.6 [41] | I-CTX-5 | C62H90O19 | 1138.6 [19] |
51-OH-2-oxo-CTX-3C | C57H82O18 | 1054.6 [38] | I-CTX-6 | C62H90O20 | 1154.6 [19] |
2,3-diH-2,3,51-triOH-P-CTX3C | C57H84O19 | 1072.6 [38] | |||
A-seco-2,3-diH-51-OH-P-CTX-3C | C57H86O18 | 1058.6 [38] |
Method | Fish Species (Family) | Toxin Detected | Mass 1 (g) | Conc. 2 (ng g−1) | LOQ 3 (ng g−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC-MS/MS | Lutjanus bohar (Lutjanidae) | P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3 | 5 | 3.7 0.74 0.36 | 0.32 | [134] |
LC-MS/MS | Sphyraena putnamae (Sphyraenidae) | P-CTX-1 | 2 | 11.4 | 0.07 | [53] |
LC-MS/MS | Sphyraena putnamae (Sphyraenidae) | P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3 | 2 | 5.6 7.9 1.4 | n.a. | [20] |
LC-MS/MS | Epinephelus spilotoceps (Serranidae) | P-CTX-1 | 5 | 2.73 | 0.01 | [48] |
LC-MS/MS | Variola louti (Serranidae) | P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3 | 5 | 2.0 4 | <0.01 | [41] |
LC-MS/MS | Cephalopholis argus (Serranidae) | P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3 | 5 | 1.710 0.555 0.711 | 0.0005 0.0050 0.0050 | [87] |
LC-MS/MS | Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Muraenidae) | P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3 | 5 | 39.20 24.40 5.940 | 0.0005 0.0050 0.0050 | [87] |
LC-MS/MS | Scomberomorus commerson (Scombridae) | P-CTX-1 | 5 | 0.13 | n.a. | [135] |
LC-HRMS | Variola louti (Serranidae) | P-CTX-1 | 10 | 1.609 | ~0.4 | [67] |
LC-MS/MS | Pagrus Pagrus (Sparidae) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | 0.76 | 0.0045 | [36] |
LC-MS/MS | Lutjanus cyanopterus (Lutjanidae) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | 0.49 | 0.0045 | [36] |
LC-MS/MS | Seriola fasciata (Carangidae) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | 0.84 | n.a. | [51] |
LC-MS/MS | Mycteroperca fusca (Serranidae) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | 0.25 | 0.0150 | [136] |
LC-MS/MS | Caranx lugubris (Carangidae) | C-CTX-1 | 100 | 13.79 | n.a. | [137] |
LC-HRMS | Bodianus scrofa (Wrasse) | C-CTX-1 | 15 | n.a. | n.a. | [138] |
LC-HRMS | Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhinidae) | I-CTX-1,2 I-CTX-3,4 | 10 5 | 6.54 9.74 | 1.67 6 | [19] |
Method | Extract Preparation 1 | Assay Duration | Parallel Samples 2 | Sensitivity 3 (ng g‒1) | Specificity | Toxin Profile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBA | 5–6 h | 24 h | 1–10 | 0.56 | No | No |
R-RBA | 5–6 h | 3–4 h | 96 | 0.03–0.15 | No | No |
F-RBA | 5–6 h | 2–3 h | 96 | 0.02–0.023 | No | No |
CBA | 5–6 h 4 | 53 h 4 | 96 | 0.001–0.13 | No | No |
ELISA | 7–8 h | 2–4 h | 96 | <0.01 5 | Yes | No |
CE | 5–6 h | 1 h | 1 | <0.01 5 | Yes | No |
ECS | 5–6 h | 2 h | 1 | 0.01 | Yes | No |
LC-MS/MS | 5–8 h | 5–15 min 6 | 1 | 0.0005–0.32 | Yes | Yes |
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Pasinszki, T.; Lako, J.; Dennis, T.E. Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins 2020, 12, 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080494
Pasinszki T, Lako J, Dennis TE. Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins. 2020; 12(8):494. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080494
Chicago/Turabian StylePasinszki, Tibor, Jimaima Lako, and Todd E. Dennis. 2020. "Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish" Toxins 12, no. 8: 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080494
APA StylePasinszki, T., Lako, J., & Dennis, T. E. (2020). Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins, 12(8), 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080494