Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Melittin against Cancer
3. Apitoxin and Melittin in Neurodegenerative Diseases
4. Apitoxin and Melittin against Rheumatoid Arthritis
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class of Molecule | Apitoxin Component | Percent in Dry Venom |
---|---|---|
Small proteins and peptides | Melittin | 40–60 |
Apamin | 1–3 | |
Mast cell degranulating peptide | 1–3 | |
Adolapin | 0.1–1 | |
Tertiapin | 0.1 | |
Cardiopep | 0.7 | |
Procamine A, B | 1–2 | |
Secapine | 0.5–2 | |
Minimine | 2–3 | |
Pamine | 1–3 | |
Enzymes | Phospholipase A2 | 10–12 |
Phospholipase B | 1 | |
Acid phosphomonoesterase | 1 | |
Hyaluronidase | 1–3 | |
Lysophospholipase | 1 | |
α-Glucosidase | 0.6 | |
Amines | Histamine | 0.5–2 |
Dopamine | 0.13–1 | |
Noradrenalin | 0.1–0.7 | |
Sugars | Glucose, fructose | 2–4 |
Minerals | Phosphate, calcium, magnesium | 3–4 |
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Aufschnaiter, A.; Kohler, V.; Khalifa, S.; Abd El-Wahed, A.; Du, M.; El-Seedi, H.; Büttner, S. Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities. Toxins 2020, 12, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020066
Aufschnaiter A, Kohler V, Khalifa S, Abd El-Wahed A, Du M, El-Seedi H, Büttner S. Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities. Toxins. 2020; 12(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020066
Chicago/Turabian StyleAufschnaiter, Andreas, Verena Kohler, Shaden Khalifa, Aida Abd El-Wahed, Ming Du, Hesham El-Seedi, and Sabrina Büttner. 2020. "Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities" Toxins 12, no. 2: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020066
APA StyleAufschnaiter, A., Kohler, V., Khalifa, S., Abd El-Wahed, A., Du, M., El-Seedi, H., & Büttner, S. (2020). Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities. Toxins, 12(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020066