Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Performance and Validation of HPLC Analytical Method
2.2. Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Commercial Samples of Baby Food
2.3. Estimation of Daily Intakes for Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples
4.2. Chemical and Reagents
4.3. HPLC Equipment and Chromatographic Conditions
4.4. Mycotoxin Analysis
4.5. Method Validation
4.6. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mycotoxin | Percentage of Recovery | Repeatability RSDr % | Reproducibility RSDR % |
---|---|---|---|
Aflatoxins | |||
0.10 µg/kg | 91 | 5 | 6 |
0.20 µg/kg | 97 | 3 | 6 |
0.40 µg/kg | 99 | 2 | 5 |
Deoxynivalenol | |||
100 µg/kg | 89 | 4 | 5 |
200 µg/kg | 96 | 4 | 7 |
400 µg/kg | 95 | 4 | 6 |
Baby Food | Descriptive | AFB1 | AFB2 | AFG1 | AFG2 | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 60) | Positive | 11 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 12 |
Mean ± SD | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 37 ± 50 | |
Range | <LD 1—0.23 | <LD—0.20 | <LD—0.16 | <LD—0.11 | <LD—245 | |
Exceeding 2 | 6 | no ML 3 | no ML | no ML | 1 | |
Gluten-free 4–6 months (n = 27) | Positive | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 34 ± 42 | |
Range | <LD—0.20 | <LD—0.20 | <LD—0.15 | <LD—0.11 | <LD—194 | |
Exceeding | 1 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 0 | |
Multi-cereals 7–12 months (n = 33) | Positive | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.04 ± 0.06 | <LD | 0.02 ± 0.04 | <LD | 39 ± 56 | |
Range | <LD—0.23 | - | <LD—0.16 | - | <LD—245 | |
Exceeding | 5 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 1 | |
Conventional cereals (n = 37) | Positive | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.04 ± 0.06 | <LD | 0.03 ± 0.05 | <LD | 29 ± 32 | |
Range | <LD—0.23 | - | <LD—0.16 | - | <LD—148 | |
Exceeding | 5 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 0 | |
Organic cereals (n = 23) | Positives | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 49 ± 69 | |
Range | <LD—0.18 | <LD—0.20 | <LD—0.12 | <LD—0.11 | <LD—245 | |
Exceeding | 1 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 1 | |
Whole-grain ingredients (n = 24) | Positive | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.04 ± 0.06 | <LD | 0.02 ± 0.04 | <LD | 49 ± 68 | |
Range | <LD—0.20 | - | <LD—0.16 | - | <LD—245 | |
Exceeding | 3 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 1 | |
Refined ingredients (n = 36) | Positive | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
Mean ± SD | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 28 ± 32 | |
Range | <LD—0.23 | <LD—0.20 | <LD—0.15 | <LD—0.11 | <LD—148 | |
Exceeding | 3 | no ML | no ML | no ML | 0 |
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Herrera, M.; Bervis, N.; Carramiñana, J.J.; Juan, T.; Herrera, A.; Ariño, A.; Lorán, S. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants. Toxins 2019, 11, 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030150
Herrera M, Bervis N, Carramiñana JJ, Juan T, Herrera A, Ariño A, Lorán S. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants. Toxins. 2019; 11(3):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030150
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera, Marta, Noemi Bervis, Juan José Carramiñana, Teresa Juan, Antonio Herrera, Agustín Ariño, and Susana Lorán. 2019. "Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants" Toxins 11, no. 3: 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030150
APA StyleHerrera, M., Bervis, N., Carramiñana, J. J., Juan, T., Herrera, A., Ariño, A., & Lorán, S. (2019). Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants. Toxins, 11(3), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030150