FGF23 and Phosphate–Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD
Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Toxins 2019, 11(11), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110647
Received: 27 September 2019
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Revised: 30 October 2019
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Accepted: 1 November 2019
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Published: 6 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uremia and Metabolic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease )
Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphate are highly associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the kidney function declines, serum phosphate levels rise and subsequently induce the secretion of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23. In early stages of CKD, FGF23 prevents the increase of serum phosphate levels and thereby attenuates phosphate-induced vascular calcification, whereas in end-stage kidney disease, FGF23 fails to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Both hyperphosphatemia and elevated FGF23 levels promote the development of hypertension, vascular calcification, and left ventricular hypertrophy by distinct mechanisms. Therefore, FGF23 and phosphate are considered promising therapeutic targets to improve the cardiovascular outcome in CKD patients. Previous therapeutic strategies are based on dietary and pharmacological reduction of serum phosphate, and consequently FGF23 levels. However, clinical trials proving the effects on the cardiovascular outcome are lacking. Recent publications provide evidence for new promising therapeutic interventions, such as magnesium supplementation and direct targeting of phosphate and FGF receptors to prevent toxicity of FGF23 and hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients.
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Keywords:
FGF23; phosphate; chronic kidney disease; cardiovascular disease; hypertension; vascular calcification; left ventricular hypertrophy
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MDPI and ACS Style
Vogt, I.; Haffner, D.; Leifheit-Nestler, M. FGF23 and Phosphate–Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD. Toxins 2019, 11, 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110647
AMA Style
Vogt I, Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M. FGF23 and Phosphate–Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD. Toxins. 2019; 11(11):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110647
Chicago/Turabian StyleVogt, Isabel, Dieter Haffner, and Maren Leifheit-Nestler. 2019. "FGF23 and Phosphate–Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD" Toxins 11, no. 11: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110647
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