Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of CYN, MC and CYN/MC Mixture on Spinach and Lettuce Growth
2.2. Effects of CYN, MC and CYN/MC Mixture on Lettuce and Spinach Photosynthetic Capacity
2.3. Effects of CYN, MC and CYN/MC Mixture on Lettuce and Spinach Mineral Content
2.3.1. Macronutrients
2.3.2. Micronutrients
2.4. Accumulation of CYN and MC in Plant Leaves
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Biological Material
4.2. Cyanobacterial Crude Extracts and Quantification of MC and CYN
4.3. Exposure Experiments
4.4. Physiological Parameters: Plant Fresh Weight and Photosynthetic Capacity
4.5. Mineral Content
4.6. MC Extraction and Quantification from Spinach
4.7. CYN Extraction and Quantification from Spinach and Lettuce
4.8. CYN/MC MIX Simultaneous Extraction and Quantification from Spinach and Lettuce
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Levels of MC and CYN in Tissues of Lettuce and Spinach | CYN10 | CYN50 | MC10 | MC50 | MIX10 | MIX50 | MIX10 | MIX50 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CYN | CYN | MC | MC | MC | MC | CYN | CYN | ||
(µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | (µg/kg fw) | ||
Lettuce | leaves | 2.4 ± 0.89 | 9.4 ± 2.38 | nd | nd | < LOD | < LOD | 10.00 ± 2.40 | 41.92 ± 6.37 |
roots | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.25 | 34.23 ± 11.58 | 110.00 ± 33.29 | |
Spinach | leaves | 9.52 ± 3.56 | 36.97 ± 10.25 | < LOD | < LOD | < LOD | < LOD | 12.57 ± 4.22 | 119.69 ± 43.93 |
roots | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.53 ± 0.32 | 1.31 ± 0.14 | 39.16 ± 31.30 | 24.00 ± 3.76 |
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, M.; Jos, A.; Cameán, A.; Oliveira, F.; Barreiro, A.; Machado, J.; Azevedo, J.; Pinto, E.; Almeida, A.; Campos, A.; et al. Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins 2019, 11, 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110624
Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán A, Oliveira F, Barreiro A, Machado J, Azevedo J, Pinto E, Almeida A, Campos A, et al. Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins. 2019; 11(11):624. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110624
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlana-Ruiz-Cabello, Maria, Angeles Jos, Ana Cameán, Flavio Oliveira, Aldo Barreiro, Joana Machado, Joana Azevedo, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho Almeida, Alexandre Campos, and et al. 2019. "Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa" Toxins 11, no. 11: 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110624