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Article

Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples

by
Aline Myuki Omori
1,
Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
2,
Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa
2,
Igor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura
1,
Elisa Yoko Hirooka
3,
Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro
4 and
Mario Augusto Ono
1,*
1
Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
2
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
3
Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
4
Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2019, 11(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010048
Submission received: 14 December 2018 / Revised: 10 January 2019 / Accepted: 11 January 2019 / Published: 17 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for Mycotoxins Detection)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Fumonisins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides which are associated with poultry health hazard and great economic losses. The objective of the present study was to develop an immunological method to detect F. verticillioides in poultry feed samples. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a polyclonal antibody against 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen was developed to detect this fungus. Antibody anti-67 kDa protein showed cross-reactivity against F. graminearum (2–7%) and F. sporotrichioides (10%), but no or low cross-reactivity against Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. exoantigens. The detection limit for the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides was 29 ng/mL. Eighty-one poultry feed samples were analyzed for Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides and fumonisin concentrations. Eighty of the 81 feed samples (98.6%) showed Fusarium sp. contamination (mean 6.2 x 104 CFU/g). Mean 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentration in the poultry feed samples was 21.0 µg/g and 1.02 µg/g, respectively. The concentration of 67 kDa protein, as determined by ic-ELISA correlated positively (p < 0.05) with fumonisin levels (r = 0.76). These results suggest that this ic-ELISA has potential to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.
Keywords:
Toxigenic fungi; polyclonal antibodies; immunoassay; mycotoxin; feed safety; food-borne fungi
Key Contribution: An ic-ELISA based on 67 kDa protein of Fusarium verticillioides was developed to detect the fungus in poultry feed. The concentration of 67 kDa protein correlated positively with fumonisin levels in the feed samples, suggesting that the assay has potential to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Brazil is the third largest corn producer in the world, and in the 2016/2017 harvest season, production reached 97.7 million tons [1]. Approximately 50% of corn production is intended for the animal feed industry (49 million tons) and 28.7 million tons are directed to the broiler feed industry [2].
Corn is the major ingredient of poultry feed, ranging from 55% to 58% of its composition. Because of its nutritional quality, corn is susceptible to contamination by toxigenic fungi, i.e., mycotoxin producers.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by filamentous fungi, which can cause acute and/or chronic toxic effects in both humans and animals at low concentration levels. Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym, F. moniliforme (J.) Sheldon); teleomorph, Gibberella moniliformis (synonym G. fujikuroi mating population A) is a primary corn pathogen and the main producer of fumonisins [3].
In addition to the serious economic losses for several commercial sectors, the natural occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins in corn and corn-based feed reduces the nutritional value of feedstuff and causes adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Fumonisins cause toxic effects on the liver, spleen, and kidney and are associated with immunosuppression, decreased weight gain, reduced mean egg production, and average egg weight in poultries [4,5].
Natural occurrence of F. verticillioides and fumonisins in corn and corn-based feed is a worldwide problem [6,7,8,9,10,11].
Traditional identification and detection methods for molds include culture in several media, microscopic examination, and chemical analysis of chitin, ergosterol, and secondary metabolites [12]. These methods show low specificity and sensitivity and they are time-consuming, except for the identification of secondary metabolites by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although chromatographic methods show high sensitivity and specificity, they are laborious, use toxic and expensive reagents, and require an extensive clean-up process of the sample.
Several researchers have reported molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on genes that are associated with the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway including FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, and FUM13 [13,14,15,16,17]. Nevertheless, these methods were qualitative and group-specific detecting F. verticillioides in addition to other fumonisin or trichothecene-producing Fusarium species. On the other hand, Omori et al. [18] developed a PCR-ELISA based on the FUM21 gene for F. verticillioides detection in corn, which was quantitative and showed sensitivity and specificity to F. verticillioides isolates.
An alternative method for fungi detection would be an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), which allows for the analysis of several samples in a single test, shows simple sample processing and high sensitivity and specificity and it does not require toxic reagents. In addition, ELISA can detect the presence of fungi in food even after heat treatment, which enables the evaluation of contamination in processed foods. The ELISA, which uses immunogenic macromolecules produced and released to the culture medium throughout the growth of the fungus, known as exoantigens, is broadly employed for pathogenic fungi identification and detection once most fungi produce species-specific exoantigens [19].
Despite many efforts, the ELISAs developed to date to detect Fusarium species in food are genus-specific [20,21,22].
When considering that poultry feed contamination with Fusarium verticillioides is frequent, the serious economic losses, in addition to human and animal health hazard caused by mold contamination, it is essential to develop a method to detect fumonisin producing species to monitor the feed producing chain. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop an ELISA for F. verticillioides detection in the poultry feed.

2. Results and discussion

Within the Fusarium species complex (teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi), which includes more than 50 species, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans are the main species that infect corn kernels [23]. F. verticillioides is the most common fumonisin producing Fusarium species infecting corn kernels [24,25,26,27,28]. In addition, some strains of Aspergillus niger have been reported as fumonisins B2, B4, and B6 producing species [29]. In the present study, an ELISA based on polyclonal antibody was developed to specifically detect F. verticillioides in corn-based poultry feed (matrix/substrate).
When considering the differences in geographic distribution and host/substrate preference of the various Fusarium species [30], in the present study the species were selected based on their occurrence in Brazilian corn, the major ingredient of poultry feed [24,26,28,31]. In Brazil, among 100 Fusarium isolates, a high frequency of F. verticillioides (96%) was reported in corn grains collected from four different regions, but F. proliferatum frequency (2%) was low [26]. Lanza et al. [28] performed morphological and molecular characterization of 230 Fusarium species that were isolated from corn grains from different geographic regions in Brazil and showed that F. verticillioides was the Fusarium species predominantly associated with corn grains (99%) in Brazil. Moreover, the occurrence of F. proliferatum (1%) was sporadic and F. subglutinans was not found in Brazilian corn. Therefore, in this study the species tested for cross reactivity was selected based on their occurrence (frequency) and host/substrate preference demonstrated in previous studies.
The chicken antibody (IgY) against the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen was able to recognize different F. verticillioides proteins in Western blot (Figure 1), but showed cross-reactivity with the exoantigens of other fungal species, mainly Fusarium species, i. e., F. sporotrichioides (81%), F. graminearum (4–27%), F. proliferatum (26%), and F. subglutinans (17–19%) (Table 1). The cross-reactivity against exoantigens of Penicillium species ranged from 2% for P. purpurogenum exoantigen to 13% for P. brevicompactum exoantigen (Table 1). Moreover, the antibody showed 6% cross-reactivity only against A. ochraceus 153 strain and 3–10% against A. carbonarius exoantigens (Table 1). These results indicated the presence of similar epitopes in the F. verticillioides exoantigens and in the exoantigens of other fungal species. On the other hand, cross-reactivity was not observed against A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. flavus exoantigens (Table 1). Although there are several studies on ELISA for toxigenic Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. in food [32,33,34], few reports on ELISA for Fusarium sp. [20,22,35,36] were found to discuss the current data. Biazon et al. [35] also produced polyclonal antibodies against F. verticillioides exoantigen, which showed cross reactivity with other Fusarium species, e.g., F. graminearum (51%), F. sporotrichioides (66%), and F. subglutinans (76%). Iyer and Cousin [20] developed an indirect ELISA based on polyclonal antibodies raised to the proteins that were extracted from the mycelia of F. verticillioides. These antibodies showed cross-reactivity against several Fusarium species, e.g., F. graminearum (67%), F. sporotrichioides (71%), and against Monascus sp. (43%) and Phoma exigua (51%). The authors concluded that the indirect ELISA developed would be promising for Fusarium sp. detection in grains or foods.
Several molecular methods have been reported, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on genes that are associated with the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway, including FUM1, FUM6, FUM8, and FUM13 [13,14,15,16,17]. Nevertheless, these methods were qualitative and group-specific detecting F. verticillioides in addition to other fumonisin or trichothecene-producing Fusarium species. Dawidziuk et al. [14] developed a multiplex PCR to detect fumonisin (genes FUM6, FUM8), trichothecenes (genes tri5, tri6), and zearalenone (gene zea2)-producing Fusarium species. Toxigenic potential for fumonisins was detected with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 88% [14]. A multiplex PCR based on primers for the FUM21, FUM1, and FUM8 genes [37] has been developed to distinguish toxigenic and non-toxigenic Fusarium sp. Divakara et al. [37] suggested that the FUM21 gene showed better potential to distinguish fumonisin producer isolates from those non-producers. Omori et al. [18] developed a PCR-ELISA based on the FUM21 gene for F. verticillioides detection in corn, which showed specificity to F. verticillioides isolates and a 2.5 pg detection limit.
The reactivity of the IgY antibody anti-F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen against the exoantigen of other F. verticillioides isolates, as evaluated by Western blot, showed the presence of two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 113 kDa and 67 kDa common to all of the isolates (Figure 1), suggesting that these proteins could be species-specific. Biazon et al. [35] also reported the presence of these two proteins in the exoantigens of F. verticillioides strains. In order to reduce cross-reactivity against the exoantigens of other fungal species, antibody against the 67 kDa protein was produced.
Antibody anti-67 kDa protein showed lower cross-reactivity to all the tested fungal species exoantigens as compared to the IgY antibody anti-F. verticillioides 97 exoantigen (Table 1). Cross-reactivity was not observed against F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, A. carbonarius, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. welwitschiae, P. variabile, P. funiculosum, and P. brevicompactum exoantigens and decreased from 81% to 10% for F. sporotrichioides, from 27% to 7% for F. graminearum 17102918 and from 2% to 1% for P. purpurogenum exoantigens when compared to the cross reactivity of IgY antibody against the crude exoantigen of F. verticillioides 97K (Table 1). These results suggest that the antibody against the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides 97K is more specific to F. verticillioides.
The remaining cross-reactivity against exoantigens of F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, and P. purpurogenum with the antibody anti-67 kDa protein could be due to similar epitopes or the presence of the 67 kDa protein in these exoantigens. Western blot to evaluate the reactivity of the antibody anti-67 kDa protein against these exoantigens showed that the 67 kDa protein was not detected in these exoantigens, suggesting that the cross-reactivity probably occurred due to the similar epitopes that are present in other antigenic proteins (Figure 2). Although some cross-reactivity remained against F. sporotrichioides and F. graminearum, it would not be so problematic, when considering that the frequency of these fungal species in Brazilian corn and corn-based feed is very low. Moreover, F. sporotrichioides and F. graminearum are not fumonisin producers.
The ic-ELISA based on antibody against 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K was able to detect and to quantify the antigen in poultry feed samples. The 67 kDa protein concentration in the samples ranged from 2.0 µg/g to 59.8 µg/g with mean of 21.0 µg/g (Table 2). Meirelles et al. [22] also developed an ic-ELISA and detected exoantigen ranging from 8.9 to 956.0 µg/g (mean of 217.3 µg/g) in corn samples. This difference in the concentration could be related to the type of antibodies used. In the present study, the antibody recognized the 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides exoantigen, whereas the antibody used by Meirelles et al. [22] recognized total F. verticillioides antigens and showed greater cross-reactivity against other species of Fusarium.
Fumonisins were detected in 89% (FB1) and 81.5% (FB2) of the poultry feed samples. FB1 levels ranged from 0.03 to 3.03 µg/g and FB2 levels from 0.03 to 1.27 µg/g (Table 2). Mean total fumonisin (FB1+ FB2) levels (Table 2) were higher than the pre-starter (0.77 µg/g) and grower (0.77 µg/g) poultry feed samples that were analyzed by Rossi et al. [8] but lower than those reported by Greco et al. [10]. Greco et al. [10] analyzed 49 poultry feed samples and detected fumonisins in 100% samples with mean levels of 1.75 µg/g. The maximum recommended fumonisin levels for laying hens and broiler feed are 30 µg/g and 100 µg/g, respectively [38]. Therefore, despite the high fumonisin frequency in feed samples, the levels detected in the present study are below the maximum limit that is allowed by the Food and Drug Administration [38].
Eighty of the 81 feed samples (98.6%) showed Fusarium sp. contamination with counts ranging from 50 to 7.5 × 105 CFU/g (mean 6.2 × 104 CFU/g) and 86% of the samples showed a contamination level ≤ 104 CFU/g (Table 2). The mean Fusarium sp. counts (Table 2) was higher than those reported by Rossi et al. [8], who analyzed 158 pelleted feed samples, including four feed types and reported 1.3 × 102 to 2.8 × 103 CFU/g mean Fusarium sp. count. Labuda et al. [39] analyzed 50 samples of poultry feed mixtures of Slovakian origin and detected Fusarium sp. in 40% samples with 1.0 × 102 to 1.0 × 105 CFU/g count.
The 67 kDa protein concentration showed a weak positive correlation with the Fusarium sp. count (r = 0.24, p < 0.05) in the feed samples (data not shown). Yong and Cousin [33] reported similar results in a sandwich ELISA to detect aflatoxin producing Aspergillus species in corn. This may have occurred because the mold count is not a precise method for total biomass estimation, since only viable propagules can be detected and the degree of spore production affects the results [40].
On the other hand, a good and significant positive correlation between the 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentration was observed (r = 0.76, p < 0.05) in the feed samples (Figure 3). This suggested that the antibody anti-67 kDa protein detects mainly fumonisin producing Fusarium sp. and the ic-ELISA that is based on this antibody might be used to predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.
Meirelles et al. [22] analyzed freshly harvested corn samples by ic-ELISA based on the antibody anti-F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen and observed weak correlation between exoantigen and fumonisin concentration, suggesting that the antibody recognized both the exoantigen of fumonisin producing and fumonisin non-producing Fusarium strains. The use of an antibody that is more specific to F. verticillioides probably contributed to the high positive correlation that was obtained in the present study.
In summary, the ic-ELISA based on an antibody specific to the 67 kDa protein is a promising method to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Fungal Isolates

F. verticillioides isolates (97K, 119Br, 104Ga, 164G, and 103Br), F. sporotrichioides, Penicillium variabile 30 F 33-4, P. funiculosum 30 F 88-2, P. purpurogenum 30 F45, Aspergillus niger 10A, and A. ochraceus 153 belong to the Mycological Culture Collection of the Department of Food Science and Technology at the State University of Londrina. F. graminearum isolates (FSP27 and FRS26) were provided by the Mycological Culture Collection of Laboratory of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of the Department of Microbiology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (São Paulo-Brazil); isolates of F. graminearum 17102918, F. proliferatum 559, F. subglutinans (332, 852), A. flavus (58A, 89A), Aspergillus niger (4138, 104CF, 23115), A. carbonarius (178, 180, 222), A. ochraceus (4363, 4368), and A. welwitschiae (112581, 115625) were provided by the Mycological Culture Collection of Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Penicillium brevicompactum was provided by the Institute of Food Technology (ITAL, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil). All of the isolates were cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C. In the present study, the species were selected based on their occurrence in Brazilian corn, the main ingredient of poultry feed.
Production of fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) by F. verticillioides isolates was as follows: 97K (4050 µg/g), 103Br (1480 µg/g), 104Ga (3140 µg/g), 119BR (4050 µg/g), and 164G (3.59 µg/g).

3.2. Exoantigen Preparation

Exoantigens were prepared according to Biazon et al. [35]. Briefly, fungal spore suspensions were prepared in sterile deionized water with 0.1% Tween 80. The spore suspensions (107 spores/mL) were inoculated in 1 L shaking flasks containing 250 mL brain heart infusion broth (BHI) and incubated at 28 °C and 150 rpm, for 14 days (Fusarium species) and seven days (other fungal species). The cultures were added with 0.02% thimerosal, incubated for 24 h at 4 °C, filtered, and centrifuged at 4500 × g for 20 min at 4 °C. The supernatants (exoantigens) were freeze-dried and stored at −20 °C.
The freeze-dried exoantigens were reconstituted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and dialyzed first against deionized water and then against PBS for 24 h at 4 °C in dialysis tubing (12 to 16 kDa molecular cut off) and stored at −20 °C.
The exoantigen protein concentration was estimated using BSA as standard [41].

3.3. Antibodies Production

Three laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were inoculated with F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen homogenized with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Each animal was inoculated with three doses by intramuscular via with one-week interval between doses and the humoral response was evaluated by indirect ELISA.
The laying hen that showed the highest antibody titer against the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen received a fourth dose five weeks after the third dose. The egg yolk reactivity of this animal was tested by indirect ELISA against the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen and the IgY of the egg yolks with the highest reactivity was extracted with ammonium sulfate [42]. The IgY was analyzed by indirect ELISA and Western blot, and the protein concentration was determined using BSA as standard [43].
A rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was inoculated with slices of polyacrylamide gel containing the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides 97K [44]. The gel band was macerated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and mixed with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. The animal was inoculated with three doses by via subcutaneous with one-week interval between doses and the humoral response was evaluated by indirect ELISA. The antibody anti-67 kDa protein was purified by affinity chromatography in HiTrap Protein G HP column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). A total of 18 mg of purified antibody anti-67 kDa was obtained from each 1.0 mL of immune rabbit serum.
This study was approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of State University of Londrina (CEEA/UEL, date of approve: 16 December 2009).

3.4. Indirect ELISA

Indirect ELISA was performed to evaluate the reactivity of the rabbit serum, chicken serum, and IgY against 67 kDa protein or the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen and to evaluate the cross-reactivity of the rabbit serum and IgY against the exoantigens of different fungal species (as described in 3.1. Fungal isolates). In brief, polystyrene microplates were coated overnight at 4 °C with 67 kDa protein (250 ng/well) or exoantigens (1.25 µg/well) in 0.1 mol/L carbonate bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6. After washing with 0.05% Tween 20 in PBS (PBS-T), the wells were blocked with 5% skim milk in PBS for 1 h. After washing with PBS-T, the rabbit serum, chicken serum, or IgY in 1% skim milk in PBS was added, and incubated for 1 h at 25 °C. The wells were washed with PBS-T, and anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate or anti-chicken IgY-peroxidase conjugate was added, followed by incubation for 1 h at 25 °C. After washing with PBS-T, substrate-chromogen solution (H2O2/tetramethylbenzidine-TMBZ) was added. The reaction was stopped with 1 N H2SO4 and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm. All of the experiments were carried out in duplicate and the cross-reactivity was calculated, as follows:
C r o s s − r e a c t i v i t y   ( % ) = A − B C − D × 100
where A is the absorbance of immune serum or IgY against exoantigen of the test fungus, B is the absorbance of pre-immune serum or egg yolk against exoantigen of the test fungus, C is the absorbance of immune serum or IgY against exoantigen of F. verticillioides 97K, and D is the absorbance of pre-immune serum or egg yolk against the exoantigen of F. verticillioides 97K.

3.5. Western Blot

The reactivity of IgY anti-F. verticillioides 97K against the exoantigen of different strains of F. verticillioides (97K, 119Br, 104Ga, 164G, and 103Br) and the reactivity of the antibody anti-67 kDa protein against exoantigens of other fungal species were evaluated by Western blot. Briefly, the exoantigens were electrophoretically separated and transferred to a 0.45 µm nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were then incubated for 1 h in 5% skim milk PBS with slight shaking. After washing with PBS-T, the membrane was incubated with IgY or antibody anti-67 kDa protein under agitation for 1 h. The membrane was washed with PBS-T and incubated with anti-chicken IgY-peroxidase conjugate or anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate with shaking for 1 h. The membrane was washed with PBS-T and treated with substrate/chromogen solution (H2O2/diaminobenzidine) until bands revelation. The reaction was terminated by washing with distilled water.

3.6. Purification of 67 kDa Orotein by Affinity Chromatography

The 67 kDa protein was purified from the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen by affinity chromatography using Cyanogen bromide-activated-Sepharose 4B (Sigma, Steinheim, NRW, Germany) resin linked to antibody anti-67 kDa protein purified.

3.7. Poultry Feed Samples

A total of 81 poultry feed samples (60% corn), from forty 500 kg batches, were collected from the experimental farm of the State University of Londrina, Northern Paraná State, Brazil. Sampling was performed at the beginning, middle, and end of each batch. Each sampling was carried out by collecting subsamples at many points at different depths in the box containing the feed. The samples were homogenized and then sent to the laboratory, ground to 50 mesh, and maintained at −20 °C until use.

3.8. Fusarium sp. Count and Exoantigen Extraction from Feed Samples

Ten g of each ground feed samples were mixed with 90 mL sterile PBS and serial dilutions were carried out until 10−4 dilution. One mL of each dilution was added to Petri plates containing 25 mL PDA with chloramphenicol and tartaric acid and incubated at 28 °C for seven days. Subsequently, the genera were identified according to Nelson et al. [45] and Fusarium sp. was counted.
The remaining feed suspension was filtered (Whatman N° 1,Whatman GmbH, Dassel, NI, Germany) and stored at −20 °C for further quantification of F. verticillioides exoantigen by ic-ELISA.

3.9. Indirect Competitive ELISA

The 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides was detected and quantified in the feed samples by ic-ELISA, according to Meirelles et al. [22], with some modifications. In brief, the polystyrene microplate were coated with the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen (0.4 µg/well) in 0.1 mol/L carbonate bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6 overnight at 4 °C. The wells were then washed and blocked with 1% skim milk PBS at 25 °C for 3 h. After washing with PBS-T, the microplate was incubated with antibody anti-67 kDa protein (225 ng/well) and feed sample extracts at 4 °C for 16 h. The microplate was washed with PBS-T and incubated with anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate at 25 °C for 1.5 h. After washing with PBS-T the substrate solution (H2O2/TMBZ) was added. The reaction was stopped by adding 1 N H2SO4 and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm. All of the assays were carried out in duplicate and the results were expressed as the percentage of binding:
B i n d i n g ( % ) = M e a n   a b s o r b a n c e   i n   t h e   p r e s e n c e   o f   s o l u b l e   e x o a n t i g e n s M e a n   a b s o r b a n c e   i n   t h e   a b s e n c e   o f   s o l u b l e   e x o a n t i g e n s × 100
The detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, and precision were calculated according to Rossi et al. [46]. The LOD and LOQ were determined, respectively, as three-fold and five-fold the standard deviation of absorbances from three replicate wells without 67 kDa protein. The linearity was determined by linear regression of three calibration curves (R2 = 0.98). The accuracy and precision were determined with ground feed samples spiked with 67 kDa protein at three concentrations (10, 20, and 30 µg/g). The values for LOD and LOQ were 29 and 33 ng/mL, respectively, and the linear range was 33 to 3125 ng/mL. The accuracy ranged from 85.3 to 99% (mean = 93%) and precision ranged from 4.2 to 10.3% (mean = 6.3%).

3.10. Fumonisin Analysis

Fumonisins B1 and B2 in poultry feed samples were determined by HPLC, according to Bordini et al. [11].
Sub-samples (10 g) of poultry feed were mixed with 30 mL methanol: water (3:1, v/v), shaken at 150 rpm for 30 min, and filtered (Whatman N° 1). One mL of the filtrate was applied to a Sep-Pak Accell Plus QMA cartridge preconditioned with 5 mL of methanol followed by 5 mL of methanol: water (3:1). After washing the cartridge with 6 mL of methanol: water (3:1) followed by 3 mL of methanol, the fumonisins were eluted with 10 mL of 0.5% acetic acid in methanol. The eluate was evaporated to dryness at 40 °C.
The sample residue was dissolved in 800 µL of methanol: water (3:1) and an aliquot (200 µL) were dried under nitrogen stream. After derivatization with 200 µL O-phthaldialdehyde reagent, HPLC injections were made within 1 min. Fumonisins were analyzed by a reversed-phase isocratic HPLC system (Shimadzu LC-10 AD pump and RF-10A XL fluorescence detector, Kyoto, KY, Japan), using a Luna C-18 Phenomenex column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain). Excitation and emission wavelengths were 335 and 450 nm, respectively. The eluent was CH3OH: 0.1 mol/L NaH2PO4 (80:20, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.3 with orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1 mL/min. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) were calculated as the minimum amount of toxin that could generate a chromatographic peak three and five times over the height/noise rate of the baseline, respectively. The LOD for FB1 and FB2 were 27.5 and 35.3 ng/g, and the LOQ for FB1 and FB2 were 45.8 and 58.8 ng/g, respectively. Recoveries of FB1 and FB2 from spiked feed samples in the range 100–1000 ng/g for FB1 and 150–800 ng/g for FB2 averaged 103.4% and 92.6% (mean CV 12.4% and 12.7%) and 108.0% and 94.6% (mean CV 16.8% and 18.8%), respectively, based on triplicate analyses.

3.11. Statistical Analysis

The correlation between 67 kDa protein concentration and Fusarium sp. count or fumonisin levels was analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. The statistical analysis was performed by the Statistica software version 7.0 (Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA, 2008).

Author Contributions

Data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, A.M.O.; Conceptualization, formal analysis, writing original draft, writing review and editing, E.Y.S.O.; Formal analysis, investigation, M.T.H. and I.M.d.S.S.; Investigation, resources, E.Y.H. and M.H.P.F.; Conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, writing original draft, writing review and editing, M.A.O.

Funding

This research was funded by CNPq (The Brazilian Government Organization for Grant Aid and Fellowship to Brazilian Researchers)—grant number 405452/2016-0, CAPES (Co-ordination for Formation of High Level Professionals) – Nanobiotechnology Network Program (04/CII-2008), the Araucária Foundation (Project announcement 09/2016, Research project agreement 001/2017) and the APC was funded by the State University of Londrina, PROPPG, Escritório de Apoio ao Pesquisador.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the CAPES (Co-ordination for Formation of High Level Professionals) – Nanobiotechnology Network Program (04/CII-2008), CNPq (The Brazilian Government Organization for Grant Aid and Fellowship to Brazilian Researchers) - grant number 405452/2016-0, FINEP, the Araucária Foundation (Project announcement 09/2016, Research project agreement 001/2017), Paraná Fund/SETI for the financial support. The CNPq research productivity fellowship is greatly appreciated by E.Y.S. Ono (grant number 309192/2017-0), M.A. Ono (grant number 310852/2014-5) and E.Y. Hirooka, as well as the CAPES/Dr scholarship by A.M. Omori and M.T. Hirozawa. The authors are grateful to the Institute of Food Technology - ITAL (Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) for providing Penicillium brevicompactum isolate and to the Laboratory of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of the Department of Microbiology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (São Paulo-Brazil) for providing F. graminearum isolates (FSP27 and FRS26), as well as to the State University of Londrina Experimental Farm for providing the poultry feed samples.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Toxins 11 00048 g001 550
Figure 1. Reactivity of IgY Anti-97K exoantigen against the exoantigens of different F. verticillioides strains evaluated by Western blot: (1) Molecular weight standard, (2) 97K; (3) 119Br; (4) 104Ga; (5) 164G; and, (6) 103Br.
Figure 1. Reactivity of IgY Anti-97K exoantigen against the exoantigens of different F. verticillioides strains evaluated by Western blot: (1) Molecular weight standard, (2) 97K; (3) 119Br; (4) 104Ga; (5) 164G; and, (6) 103Br.
Toxins 11 00048 g001
Toxins 11 00048 g002 550
Figure 2. Reactivity of antibody anti-67 kDa protein against exoantigen of F. verticillioides 97K and exoantigens of other fungal species that showed cross-reactivity in the indirect ELISA evaluated by Western blot: (1) Molecular weight standard, (2) F. verticillioides 97K; (3) F. sporotrichioides; (4) F. graminearum; and, (5) P. purpurogenum. The arrow indicates the 67 kDa protein band.
Figure 2. Reactivity of antibody anti-67 kDa protein against exoantigen of F. verticillioides 97K and exoantigens of other fungal species that showed cross-reactivity in the indirect ELISA evaluated by Western blot: (1) Molecular weight standard, (2) F. verticillioides 97K; (3) F. sporotrichioides; (4) F. graminearum; and, (5) P. purpurogenum. The arrow indicates the 67 kDa protein band.
Toxins 11 00048 g002
Toxins 11 00048 g003 550
Figure 3. Correlation between fumonisin and 67 kDa protein concentration in poultry feed samples (n = 81) with the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.76.
Figure 3. Correlation between fumonisin and 67 kDa protein concentration in poultry feed samples (n = 81) with the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.76.
Toxins 11 00048 g003
Table
Table 1. Cross reactivity of the IgY antibody anti-F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen, and the antibody anti-67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K with exoantigens of other fungal species evaluated by indirect ELISA.
Table 1. Cross reactivity of the IgY antibody anti-F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen, and the antibody anti-67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K with exoantigens of other fungal species evaluated by indirect ELISA.
Fungal ExoantigenCross-Reactivity (%)
Anti-ExoantigenAnti-67 kDa Protein
F. subglutinans 332190
F. subglutinans 852170
F. proliferatum 559260
F. sporotrichioides8110
F. graminearum FRS2642
F. graminearum FSP2780
F. graminearum 17102918277
A. niger 10A00
A. niger 104CF00
A. niger 413800
A. niger 2311500
A. ochraceus 15360
A. ochraceus 436300
A. ochraceus 436800
A. flavus 58A00
A. flavus 89A00
A. carbonarius 17830
A. carbonarius 18000
A. carbonarius 222100
A. welwitschiae 11258100
A. welwitschiae 11562500
P. purpurogenum 30 F4521
P. variabile 30 F 33-470
P. funiculosum 30 F 88-2100
P. brevicompactum130
Table
Table 2. Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentrations in 81 poultry feed samples.
Table 2. Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentrations in 81 poultry feed samples.
ParametersRangeMeanMedian
Fusarium sp. count (CFU/g)50–7.5 × 1056.2 × 1046.0 × 103
67 kDa protein concentration (µg/g)2.0–59.821.019.8
Fumonisin concentration (µg/g)
FB10.03–3.030.690.64
FB20.03–1.270.330.30
Total (FB1+ FB2)0.03–4.071.020.83

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Omori, A.M.; Ono, E.Y.S.; Hirozawa, M.T.; de Souza Suguiura, I.M.; Hirooka, E.Y.; Pelegrinelli Fungaro, M.H.; Ono, M.A. Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins 2019, 11, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010048

AMA Style

Omori AM, Ono EYS, Hirozawa MT, de Souza Suguiura IM, Hirooka EY, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Ono MA. Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins. 2019; 11(1):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010048

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omori, Aline Myuki, Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono, Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa, Igor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura, Elisa Yoko Hirooka, Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro, and Mario Augusto Ono. 2019. "Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples" Toxins 11, no. 1: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010048

APA Style

Omori, A. M., Ono, E. Y. S., Hirozawa, M. T., de Souza Suguiura, I. M., Hirooka, E. Y., Pelegrinelli Fungaro, M. H., & Ono, M. A. (2019). Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins, 11(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010048

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