In Vitro and in Field Response of Different Fungicides against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot Disease of Maize
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. In Vitro Colony Growth Inhibition
2.1.1. DMIs
Metconazole
Propiconazole
Tebuconazole
Difenoconazole
2.1.2. SDHIs
Boscalid
Isopyrazam
2.1.3. PPs
Fludioxonil
2.1.4. MBCs
Thiophanate-methyl
2.1.5. Phthalimides
Folpet
2.2. In Vitro Conidial Germination Inhibition
2.2.1. DMIs
2.2.2. SDHIs
2.2.3. PPs
2.2.4. MBCs
2.2.5. Phtalimides
2.3. Fungal Symptoms Assessment on Maize Plants in Field Trials
2.4. Re-Isolation of Fungal Species from Maize Plants by Mycological Analyses
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Fungal Strains
5.2. Fungicides Tested In Vitro
5.3. Mycelial and Conidial Germination Assays
5.4. Field Experiments Settings
5.4.1. Fungicide Application and Fungal Inoculum
5.4.2. Evaluation of Fungal Symptoms on Maize Plants
5.4.3. Fungal Re-isolation and Growth Conditions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Commercial Name | Active Ingredient | Active Ingredient Tested (mg L−1) | Chemical Group * | Group Name * | Target Site * | Mode of Action * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cantus | Boscalid | 500–50–5 | pyridine-carboxamides | SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) | complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase | Respiration |
Zulu | Isopyrazam | 200–20–2 | pyrazole-4-carboxamides | |||
Carnival | Prochloraz | 400–40–4 | Imidazoles | Demethylation Inhibitors SBI Class I | C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis | Sterol biosynthesis in membranes |
Proline | Prothioconazole | 200–20–2 | Triazolinthiones | |||
Icarus | Tebuconazole | 320–32–3.2 | Triazoles | |||
Opinion Ecna | Propiconazole | 250–25–2.5 | ||||
Caramba | Metconazole | 90–9–0.9 | ||||
Score | Difenoconazole | 250–25–2.5 | ||||
Celest | Fludioxonil | 50–5–0.5 | phenylpyrroles | PP-fungicides (PhenylPyrroles) | MAP/Histidine—Kinase in osmotic signal transduction | signal transduction |
Enovit Metil FL | Thiophanate-methyl | 1500–150–15 | Thiophanates | MBC-Fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) | β-tubuline assembly in mitosis | mitosis and cell division |
Folpan80 | Folpet | 1200–120–12 | phthalimides | Phthalimides | multisite contact activity | Multisite contact activity |
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Masiello, M.; Somma, S.; Ghionna, V.; Logrieco, A.F.; Moretti, A. In Vitro and in Field Response of Different Fungicides against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot Disease of Maize. Toxins 2019, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010011
Masiello M, Somma S, Ghionna V, Logrieco AF, Moretti A. In Vitro and in Field Response of Different Fungicides against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot Disease of Maize. Toxins. 2019; 11(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasiello, Mario, Stefania Somma, Veronica Ghionna, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, and Antonio Moretti. 2019. "In Vitro and in Field Response of Different Fungicides against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot Disease of Maize" Toxins 11, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010011