Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sample Processing
2.2. Validation of the Analytical Method
2.3. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Wheat Grain
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Reagents/Standards/Columns
5.2. Samples
5.3. HPLC-UV
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Fortification Level (n = 3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
225 µg/kg | 450 µg/kg | 900 µg/kg | ||||
R% | RSD% | R% | RSD% | R% | RSD% | |
NIV | 109.4 | 2.2 | 102.3 | 7.4 | 78.6 | 4.0 |
DON | 91.8 | 2.0 | 95.0 | 5.0 | 76.9 | 3.4 |
DON3G | 82.8 | 6.4 | 81.7 | 7.9 | 98.2 | 5.4 |
Voivodeship | NIV | DON-3G | DON | Voivodeship | NIV | DON-3G | DON | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zachodnio-Pomorskie n = 7 | positive samples | 6 (86%) | 1 (14%) | 5 (71%) | Dolnośląskie n = 11 | positive samples | 8 (72%) | 3 (27%) | 10 (91%) |
mean 1 | 37.8 | 43.3 | 86.5 | mean 1 | 31.1 | 35.5 | 137.0 | ||
median 1 | 9.4 | 43.3 | 76.3 | median | 12.0 | 25.6 | 88.7 | ||
Min-Max 1 | 5.2–133.5 | - 2 | 19.5–188.6 | Min-Max | 5.1–152.8 | 24.1–56.9 | 21.6–426.6 | ||
Pomorskie n = 7 | positive samples | 6 (71%) | 2 (29%) | 7 (100%) | Opolskie n = 8 | positive samples | 5 (63%) | 2 (25%) | 6 (75%) |
mean 1 | 21.1 | 42.9 | 134.1 | mean 1 | 112.4 | 26.0 | 106.0 | ||
median | 14.3 | 42.9 | 137.6 | median | 18.8 | 26.0 | 45.7 | ||
Min-Max | 10.2–52.0 | 39.0–46.9 | 11.7–359.2 | Min-Max | 14.3–372.5 | 23.6–28.4 | 12.7–261.0 | ||
Warmińsko-Mazurskie n = 6 | positive samples | 3 (50%) | 5 (83%) | 6 (100%) | Łódzkie n = 4 | positive samples | 2 (50%) | - 2 | 4 (100%) |
mean 1 | 71.8 | 50.8 | 432.0 | mean 1 | 9.2 | - 2 | 24.5 | ||
median | 95.9 | 28.0 | 290.2 | median | 9.2 | - 2 | 12.6 | ||
Min-Max | 7.0–112.4 | 16.4–137.5 | 71.3–1265.4 | Min-Max | 6.3–12.1 | - 2 | 10.5–62.4 | ||
Lubuskie n = 3 | positive samples | 3 (100%) | 2 (67%) | 2 (67%) | Śląskie n = 3 | positive samples | 2 (67%) | 1 (33%) | 2 (67%) |
mean 1 | 21.1 | 22.8 | 49.7 | mean 1 | 10.6 | 51.3 | 136.2 | ||
median | 11.0 | 22.8 | 49.7 | median | 10.6 | 51.3 | 136.2 | ||
Min-Max | 10.7–41.7 | 18.8–26.9 | 47.0–52.3 | Min-Max | 7.8–13.4 | - 2 | 42.2–230.1 | ||
Wielkopolskie n = 10 | positive samples | 7 (70%) | 2 (20%) | 5 (50%) | Świętokrzyskie n = 3 | positive samples | 3 (100%) | - 2 | 3 (100%) |
mean 1 | 48.1 | 73.1 | 97.9 | mean 1 | 18.3 | - 2 | 74.6 | ||
median | 17.7 | 73.1 | 100.0 | median | 14.7 | - 2 | 79.9 | ||
Min-Max | 9.7–150.8 | 50.3–95.9 | 15.0–198.8 | Min-Max | 12.4–27.7 | - 2 | 23.7–120.3 | ||
Kujawsko-Pomorskie n = 9 | positive samples | 6 (67%) | 3 (33%) | 9 (100%) | Lubelskie n = 10 | positive samples | 4 (40%) | - 2 | 9 (90%) |
mean 1 | 9.7 | 51.5 | 206.6 | mean 1 | 37.8 | - 2 | 75.0 | ||
median | 9.3 | 35.1 | 148.9 | median | 38.2 | - 2 | 41.4 | ||
Min-Max | 5.2–14.9 | 15.8–103.6 | 45.4–729.3 | Min-Max | 10.0–64.8 | - 2 | 27.6–179.5 | ||
Mazowieckie n = 5 | positive samples | 5 (100%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (60%) | Podkarpackie n = 3 | positive samples | 3 (100%) | - 2 | 2 (67%) |
mean 1 | 17.8 | 17.0 | 72.5 | mean 1 | 25.4 | - 2 | 40.2 | ||
median | 18.6 | 17.0 | 73.8 | median | 27.2 | - 2 | 40.2 | ||
Min-Max | 7.8–30.8 | - 2 | 23.8–119.9 | Min-Max | 6.8–42.2 | - 2 | 12.2–68.1 | ||
Podlaskie n = 3 | positive samples | 2 (50%) | 3 (100%) | 3 (100%) | TOTAL n = 92 | positive samples | 64 (70%) | 25 (27%) | 76 (83%) |
mean 1 | 6.7 | 30.1 | 223.1 | mean 1 | 35.0 | 41.9 | 140.2 | ||
median | 6.7 | 33.3 | 196.4 | median | 13.6 | 33.3 | 83.2 | ||
Min-Max | 10.2–52.0 | 39.0–46.9 | 11.7–359.2 | Min-Max | 5.1–372.5 | 15.8–137.5 | 10.5–1265.4 |
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Bryła, M.; Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, E.; Waśkiewicz, A.; Szymczyk, K.; Jędrzejczak, R. Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat. Toxins 2018, 10, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020081
Bryła M, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Waśkiewicz A, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat. Toxins. 2018; 10(2):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020081
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryła, Marcin, Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Krystyna Szymczyk, and Renata Jędrzejczak. 2018. "Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat" Toxins 10, no. 2: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020081
APA StyleBryła, M., Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, E., Waśkiewicz, A., Szymczyk, K., & Jędrzejczak, R. (2018). Natural Occurrence of Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Polish Winter Wheat. Toxins, 10(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020081