Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Molecular Analyses and Phylogenetics
2.2. Aspergillic Acid
2.3. Cyclopiazonic Acid
2.4. Aflatoxins
2.5. Taxonomy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Isolates and Morphology
4.2. Production of Aspergillic Acid, Aflatoxins, and Cyclopiazonic Acid
4.3. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplifications
4.4. Molecular Analysis and Phylogenetics
4.5. Data Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolate # | Species/Taxon | Source | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
NRRL 13137 | A. nomius | Wheat, USA | [37] |
NRRL 443 | A. pseudotamarii | Argentina | [36] |
NRRL 25528 | A. caelatus | Soil, USA | [38] |
NRRL 465 | A. parasiticus | USA | [39] |
NRRL 29538 | A. parasiticus | Soil, Georgia, USA | Horn B.W., National Peanut Lab, Dawson, GA (in NRRL database) |
NRRL 29590 | A. parasiticus | Soil, Georgia, USA | Horn B.W., National Peanut Lab, Dawson, GA (in NRRL database) |
NRRL 424 | A. parasiticus | Soil, Georgia, USA | Scales F.M. (in NRRL database) |
NRRL 2999 | A. parasiticus | Peanut, Uganda | [40] |
BN009-E | A. parasiticus | Soil, Benin | None |
NRRL A-11611 | A. minisclerotigenes | Soil, Nigeria | [41,42] |
4-2 | A. minisclerotigenes | Soil, Australia | [43] |
TAR3N43 | A. minisclerotigenes | Peanut, Argentina | [16] |
AF70/ATCC MYA-384 | A. flavus S Morphotype | Soil, Arizona, USA | [32] |
AF42/ATCC MYA-383 | A. flavus S Morphotype | Soil, Arizona, USA | [32] |
AF12/ATCC MYA-382 | A. flavus S Morphotype | Soil, Arizona, USA | [32] |
NRRL 3251 | A. flavus S Morphotype | Walnut, California, USA | [41] |
AF13/ATCC 96044 | A. flavus L Morphotype | Soil, Arizona, USA | [32] |
CHL019 | A. flavus L Morphotype | Chili | [12] |
CHL159 | A. flavus L Morphotype | Chili | [12] |
CHL187 | A. flavus L Morphotype | Chili, Pakistan | [12] |
W11P1R3-B R/NRRL 66855/A2292 | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
EC42-I/NRRL 66856/A2295 | A. texensis | Maize, Texas, USA | Current Study |
BRG3224-E/NRRL 66857/A2296 | A. texensis | Maize, Louisiana, USA | Current Study |
WXMX1-1G/NRRL 66858/A2294 | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
VCSSBC1-I/NRRL 66859/A2293 | A. texensis | Maize, Arkansas, USA | Current Study |
J35-E | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
VC16-A | A. texensis | Maize, Texas, USA | Current Study |
CTL-1I | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
P2R2-A Q | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
1-1-O | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
1-1L | A. texensis | Soil, Texas, USA | Current Study |
K805-E/A1170 | Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus | Maize, Kenya | [44] |
K784-D/A1168 | Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus | Maize, Kenya | [44] |
NRRL A-11612 | A. aflatoxiformans | Groundnut, Nigeria | [17,41] |
BN040-B/ATCC MYA-381 | A. aflatoxiformans | Soil, Benin | [17,45] |
BN038-G/ATCC MYA-380 | A. aflatoxiformans | Soil, Benin | [17,45] |
BN008-R/ATCC MYA-379 | A. aflatoxiformans | Soil, Benin | [17,45] |
Species | Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxin B2 | Aflatoxin G1 | Aflatoxin G2 | CPA | Aspergillic Acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. texensis | + | + | + | + | + | + |
A. flavus | + | + | − | − | ± | + |
A. minisclerotigenes | + | + | + | + | + | + |
A. parasiticus | + | + | + | + | − | + |
Species | Isolate | Source/Location | Aflatoxin (µg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFB | AFG | Total AF | |||
A. texensis | BRG3224 E | Maize/USA | 42 | 111 | 153 |
EC42-I | Maize/USA | 40 | 99 | 139 | |
W11P1R3-B R | Soil/USA | 47 | 111 | 158 | |
Average | 43C | 107B | 150B | ||
A. flavus S Morphotype | AF12 | Soil/USA | 190 | NA | 190 |
AF42 | Soil/USA | 181 | NA | 181 | |
AF70 | Soil/USA | 191 | NA | 191 | |
Average | 187AB | NA* | 187B | ||
A. minisclerotigenes | A-11611 | Groundnut/Nigeria | 31x | 72x | 103x |
4-2 | Soil/Australia | 9y | 24y | 33y | |
TAR3N43 | Soil/Argentina | 9y | 25y | 34y | |
Average | 17D | 40C | 57C | ||
A. aflatoxiformans | A-11612 | Groundnut/Nigeria | 92y | 202y | 294y |
BN038-G | Soil/Benin | 105y | 129z | 234y | |
BN040-B | Soil/Benin | 207x | 361x | 568x | |
Average | 134B | 231A | 365A | ||
Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus | K805-E | Maize/Kenya | 304 | NA | 304xy |
K784-D | Maize/Kenya | 361 | NA | 361x | |
K849-B | Maize/Kenya | 215 | NA | 215y | |
Average | 294A | NA* | 294A |
Medium Φ | Species | Colony Diameter (mm) ρ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 °C | 20 °C | 25 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C | 37 °C | 40 °C | 42 °C | ||
CZ | A. texensis | 3b | 31b | 53ab | 67 | 73 | 55b | 46 | 7 |
A. flavus | 7a | 35b | 50b | 66 | 65 | 54b | 37 | 8 | |
A. minisclerotigenes | 3b | 41a | 62a | 75 | 75 | 63a | 39 | 8 | |
CZ with NaCl | A. texensis | 11 | 44 | 60 | 72 | 77 | 72 | 68 | 13 |
A. flavus | 12 | 44 | 57 | 69 | 71 | 65 | 69 | 12 | |
A. minisclerotigenes | 10 | 44 | 66 | 73 | 77 | 72 | 73 | 15 | |
CYA | A. texensis | 9 | 46 | 71 | 77 | 78 | 65 | 54 | 9 |
A. flavus | 11 | 42 | 64 | 72 | 71 | 57 | 56 | 11 | |
A. minisclerotigenes | 9 | 44 | 68 | 77 | 78 | 64 | 49 | 10 | |
Malt | A. texensis | 7a | 30 | 46ab | 68 | 69 | 55 | 41 | 11 |
A. flavus | 5ab | 34 | 44b | 57 | 67 | 55 | 30 | 7 | |
A. minisclerotigenes | 3b | 43 | 69a | 67 | 68 | 58 | 32 | 8 | |
V8 | A. texensis | 4a | 33 | 60 | 68 | 72 | 52b | 42a | 7 |
A. flavus | 3ab | 32 | 53 | 66 | 68 | 61a | 28b | 7 | |
A. minisclerotigenes | 2b | 31 | 59 | 74 | 73 | 67a | 31b | 9 |
Primer Pair | Target Gene | Sequence | Ta (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bt2a-2b | β-tubulin | F-GGTAACCAAATCCGTGCTGCTTTC | 51 | [50] |
R-ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC | ||||
Bt3a-3b | F-CGTCGTTCATTCGAGGTGTA | 56 | Current study | |
R-CCGCTCAACTTCAAGTCCAT | ||||
cmd42-637 | Calmodulin | F-GGCCTTCTCCCTATTCGTAA | 56 | [16] |
R-CTCGCGGATCATCTCATC | ||||
cmd2F-2R | F-GGCTGGATGTGTGTAAATC | 48 | [16] | |
R-ATTGGTCGCATTTGAAGGG | ||||
niaDF-AR | Nitrate reductase | F-CGGACGATAAGCAACAACAC | 52 | [16] |
R-GGATGAACACCCGTTAATCTGA | ||||
niaDBF-BR | F-ACGGCCGACAGAAGTGCTGA | 57 | [16] | |
R-TGGGCGAAGAGACTCCCCGT | ||||
niaDCF-CR | F-GCAGCCCAATGGTCACTACGGC | 55 | [12] | |
R-GGCTGCACGCCCAATGCTTC |
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Singh, P.; Orbach, M.J.; Cotty, P.J. Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States. Toxins 2018, 10, 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513
Singh P, Orbach MJ, Cotty PJ. Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States. Toxins. 2018; 10(12):513. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Pummi, Marc J. Orbach, and Peter J. Cotty. 2018. "Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States" Toxins 10, no. 12: 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513
APA StyleSingh, P., Orbach, M. J., & Cotty, P. J. (2018). Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States. Toxins, 10(12), 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513