Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Tracks the Changes in Salt Intake during an Experimental Feeding Study Using Standardized Low-Salt and High-Salt Meals among Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietary Protocol
2.3. Urinary Na/K Ratio and Blood Pressure Measurements
2.4. Biochemical Analyses of Urine and Blood
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Dietary Intake vs. Urinary Excretion
2.5.2. Daily Na/K ratio Assessment from Multiple Spot Urine Samples for Estimating the 24-h Urine Na/K Ratio
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Parameters of the Participants
3.2. Changes in 24-h Urinary Na/K Ratio and Basic Parameters During the Study
3.3. Changes in Self-Measured Urinary Na/K Ratio During the Study
3.4. Validation of Daily Mean Spot Urine Na/K Ratio for Estimating 24-h Urine Na/K Ratio
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Mean ± SD (Range) |
---|---|---|
Men/women | 5:9 = 35.7% | |
Age | Years | 22.5 ± 0.3 (21–26) |
Weight | kg | 53.3 ± 5.1 (44.9–63.1) |
BMI | kg/m2 | 20.4 ± 2.0 (17.2–25.6) |
Fasting serum glucose | mg/dL | 83 ± 7 |
Insulin | μIU/mL | 7.2 ± 2.6 |
Morning pulse rate | Beats per min | 66 ± 12 |
Evening pulse rate | Beats per min | 65 ± 10 |
Parameter | Unit | Unrestricted | Low Salt | High Salt | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morning SBP | mmHg | 104 ± 9 | 103 ± 7 | 102 ± 11 | 0.769 |
Morning DBP | mmHg | 69 ± 7 | 65 ± 8 | 70 ± 7 | 0.102 |
Morning MBP | mmHg | 76 ± 15 | 78 ± 7 | 81 ± 7 | 0.341 |
Morning pulse rate | /min | 66 ± 12 | 67 ± 13 | 64 ± 9 | 0.652 |
Hematocrit | % | 44.3 ± 3.3 | 44.4 ± 3.9 | 42.7 ± 3.0 * | 0.045 |
PAC | pg/mL | 208 ± 97 | 391 ± 204 $ | 133 ± 63 *,# | 0.001 |
PRA | ng/mL/h | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.5 $ | 1.0 ± 1.4 * | 0.006 |
Creatinine | mg/dL | 0.69 ± 0.13 | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.65 ± 0.11 *,# | 0.000 |
Serum Na | mEq/L | 141 ± 2 | 141 ± 1 | 141 ± 2 | 0.220 |
Serum K | mEq/L | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 0.940 |
Urine volume | mL/day | 926 ± 369 | 978 ± 336 | 1416 ± 495 *,# | 0.016 |
Urine Na | mmol/day | 128 ± 47 | 30 ± 7 $ | 281 ± 42 *,# | 0.001 |
Urine K | mmol/day | 32.3 ± 9.4 | 29.5 ± 6.0 | 39.2 ± 7.6 * | 0.032 |
Urine creatinine | g/day | 1.20 ± 0.25 | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 1.23 ± 0.29 | 0.093 |
Morning SBP | mmHg | 104 ± 9 | 103 ± 7 | 102 ± 11 | 0.769 |
Morning DBP | mmHg | 69 ± 7 | 65 ± 8 | 70 ± 7 | 0.102 |
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Yatabe, M.S.; Iwahori, T.; Watanabe, A.; Takano, K.; Sanada, H.; Watanabe, T.; Ichihara, A.; Felder, R.A.; Miura, K.; Ueshima, H.; et al. Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Tracks the Changes in Salt Intake during an Experimental Feeding Study Using Standardized Low-Salt and High-Salt Meals among Healthy Japanese Volunteers. Nutrients 2017, 9, 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090951
Yatabe MS, Iwahori T, Watanabe A, Takano K, Sanada H, Watanabe T, Ichihara A, Felder RA, Miura K, Ueshima H, et al. Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Tracks the Changes in Salt Intake during an Experimental Feeding Study Using Standardized Low-Salt and High-Salt Meals among Healthy Japanese Volunteers. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090951
Chicago/Turabian StyleYatabe, Midori Sasaki, Toshiyuki Iwahori, Ami Watanabe, Kozue Takano, Hironobu Sanada, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Robin A. Felder, Katsuyuki Miura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, and et al. 2017. "Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Tracks the Changes in Salt Intake during an Experimental Feeding Study Using Standardized Low-Salt and High-Salt Meals among Healthy Japanese Volunteers" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090951
APA StyleYatabe, M. S., Iwahori, T., Watanabe, A., Takano, K., Sanada, H., Watanabe, T., Ichihara, A., Felder, R. A., Miura, K., Ueshima, H., Kimura, J., & Yatabe, J. (2017). Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Tracks the Changes in Salt Intake during an Experimental Feeding Study Using Standardized Low-Salt and High-Salt Meals among Healthy Japanese Volunteers. Nutrients, 9(9), 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090951