Impact of Age and Race on Outcomes of a Program to Prevent Excess Weight Gain and Disordered Eating in Adolescent Girls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Randomization
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Interactions between Group Assignment and Age/Race for 3 Years BMI and Adiposity
3.2. Moderating Effects of Age and Race on LOC-Eating Status at 3 Years
3.3. Exploratory Follow-Up Analyses of Race Dichotomized as Black versus White
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimers
References
- Halfon, N.; Larson, K.; Slusser, W. Associations between obesity and comorbid mental health, developmental, and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of us children aged 10 to 17. Acad. Pediatr. 2013, 13, 6–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogden, C.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Kit, B.K.; Flegal, K.M. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 2014, 311, 806–814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ogden, C.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Lawman, H.G.; Fryar, C.D.; Kruszon-Moran, D.; Kit, B.K.; Flegal, K.M. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988–1994 through 2013–2014. JAMA 2016, 315, 2292–2299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabin, M.A.; Ford, A.; Hunt, L.; Jamal, R.; Crowne, E.C.; Shield, J.P.H. Which factors are associated with a successful outcome in a weight management programme for obese children? J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2007, 13, 364–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Danielsson, P.; Kowalski, J.; Ekblom, Ö.; Marcus, C. Response of severely obese children and adolescents to behavioral treatment. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2012, 166, 1103–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reinehr, T.; Kleber, M.; Lass, N.; Toschke, A.M. Body mass index patterns over 5 years in obese children motivated to participate in a 1-year lifestyle intervention: Age as a predictor of long-term success. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 1165–1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldschmidt, A.B.; Best, J.R.; Stein, R.I.; Saelens, B.E.; Epstein, L.H.; Wilfley, D.E. Predictors of child weight loss and maintenance among family-based treatment completers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2014, 82, 1140–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Altman, M.; Wilfley, D.E. Evidence update on the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2015, 44, 521–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heinberg, L.J.; Thompson, J.K. Obesity in Youth: Causes, Consequences, and Cures; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Giordano, P.C. Relationships in adolescence. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2003, 29, 257–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crosnoe, R.; Johnson, M.K. Research on adolescence in the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2011, 37, 439–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamath, C.C.; Vickers, K.S.; Ehrlich, A.; McGovern, L.; Johnson, J.; Singhal, V.; Paulo, R.; Hettinger, A.; Erwin, P.J.; Montori, V.M. Clinical review: Behavioral interventions to prevent childhood obesity: A systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 4606–4615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klesges, R.C.; Obarzanek, E.; Kumanyika, S.; Murray, D.M.; Klesges, L.M.; Relyea, G.E.; Stockton, M.B.; Lanctot, J.Q.; Beech, B.M.; McClanahan, B.S.; et al. The Memphis girls’ health enrichment multi-site studies (GEMS): An evaluation of the efficacy of a 2-year obesity prevention program in African American girls. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2010, 164, 1007–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resnicow, K.; Yaroch, A.L.; Davis, A.; Wang, D.T.; Carter, S.; Slaughter, L.; Coleman, D.; Baranowski, T. Go girls: Results from a nutrition and physical activity program for low-income, overweight African American adolescent females. Health Educ. Behav. 2000, 27, 616–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stevens, C.J. Obesity prevention interventions for middle school-age children of ethnic minority: A review of the literature. J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs. 2010, 15, 233–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Schvey, N.A.; Olsen, C.H.; Gustafson, J.; Yanovski, J.A. A prospective study of loss of control eating for body weight gain in children at high risk for adult obesity. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2009, 42, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Cohen, M.L.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Cox, C.; Theim, K.R.; Keil, M.; Reynolds, J.C.; Yanovski, J.A. A prospective study of psychological predictors of body fat gain among children at high risk for adult obesity. Pediatrics 2006, 117, 1203–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sonneville, K.R.; Horton, N.J.; Micali, N.; Crosby, R.D.; Swanson, S.A.; Solmi, F.; Field, A.E. Longitudinal associations between binge eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults: Does loss of control matter? JAMA Pediatr. 2013, 167, 149–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Yanovski, J.A. Loss of control over eating in children and adolescents. In Developing an Evidence-Based Classification of Eating Disorders: Scientific Findings for DSM-5; Striegel-Moore, R.H., Wonderlich, S.A., Walsh, B.T., Mitchell, J.E., Eds.; American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2011; pp. 221–236. [Google Scholar]
- Goldschmidt, A.B.; Loth, K.A.; MacLehose, R.F.; Pisetsky, E.M.; Berge, J.M.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Overeating with and without loss of control: Associations with weight status, weight-related characteristics, and psychosocial health. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2015, 48, 1150–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Swanson, S.A.; Crow, S.J.; Le Grange, D.; Swendsen, J.; Merikangas, K.R. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2011, 68, 714–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glasofer, D.R.; Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Eddy, K.T.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Theim, K.R.; Mirch, M.C.; Ghorbani, S.; Ranzenhofer, L.M.; Haaga, D.; Yanovski, J.A. Binge eating in overweight treatment-seeking adolescents. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2007, 32, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Olsen, C.; Roza, C.A.; Wolkoff, L.E.; Columbo, K.M.; Raciti, G.; Zocca, J.M.; Wilfley, D.E.; Yanovski, S.Z.; et al. A prospective study of pediatric loss of control eating and psychological outcomes. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2011, 120, 108–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Stern, E.A.; Miller, R.; Sebring, N.; Dellavalle, D.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Hubbard, V.S.; Yanovski, J.A. Children’s binge eating and development of metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Obes. 2012, 36, 956–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Radin, R.M.; Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Kelly, N.R.; Pickworth, C.K.; Shank, L.M.; Altschul, A.M.; Brady, S.M.; Demidowich, A.P.; Yanovski, S.Z.; et al. Metabolic characteristics of youth with loss of control eating. Eat. Behav. 2015, 19, 86–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Wilfley, D.E.; Young, J.F.; Mufson, L.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Glasofer, D.R.; Salaita, C.G. Preventing excessive weight gain in adolescents: Interpersonal psychotherapy for binge eating. Obesity 2007, 15, 1345–1355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Wilfley, D.E.; Young, J.F.; Sbrocco, T.; Stephens, M.; Ranzenhofer, L.M.; Elliott, C.; Brady, S.; Radin, R.M.; et al. Targeted prevention of excess weight gain and eating disorders in high-risk adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 1010–1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Wilfley, D.E.; Young, J.F.; Sbrocco, T.; Stephens, M.; Brady, S.M.; Galescu, O.; Demidowich, A.; Olsen, C.H.; et al. Excess weight gain prevention in adolescents: Three-year outcome following a randomized-controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2017, 85, 218–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young, J.F.; Mufson, L.; Schueler, C.M. Preventing Adolescent Depression: Interpersonal Psychotherapy—Adolescent Skills Training; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Mufson, L.; Dorta, K.P.; Wickramaratne, P.; Nomura, Y.; Olfson, M.; Weissman, M.M. A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61, 577–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chui, W.; Safer, D.L.; Bryson, S.W.; Agras, W.S.; Wilson, G.T. A comparison of ethnic groups in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Eat. Behav. 2007, 8, 458–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollingshead, A. Four Factor Index of Social Status; Yale University: New Haven, CT, USA, 1975. [Google Scholar]
- Fairburn, C.G.; Cooper, Z. The eating disorder examination. In Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment, 12th ed.; Fairburn, C.G., Wilson, G.T., Eds.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 317–360. [Google Scholar]
- Cassidy, O.L.; Matheson, B.; Osborn, R.; Vannucci, A.; Kozlosky, M.; Shomaker, L.B.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Tanofsky-Kraff, M. Loss of control eating in African-American and caucasian youth. Eat. Behav. 2012, 13, 174–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Wilfley, D.E.; Marmarosh, C.; Morgan, C.M.; Yanovski, J.A. Eating-disordered behaviors, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight children. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2004, 72, 53–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young, J.F.; Mufson, L. Manual for Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST); Columbia University: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Wilfley, D.E.; MacKenzie, K.R.; Welch, R.R.; Ayres, V.E.; Weissman, M.M. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Bravender, T. Health, Education, and Youth in Durham: Hey-Durham Curricular Guide, 2nd ed.; Duke University: Durham, NC, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Reinehr, T.; Widhalm, K.; l'Allemand, D.; Wiegand, S.; Wabitsch, M.; Holl, R.W. Two-year follow-up in 21,784 overweight children and adolescents with lifestyle intervention. Obesity 2009, 17, 1196–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Freemark, M. Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2010; p. 487. [Google Scholar]
- Wilfley, D.E.; Pike, K.M.; Striegel-Moore, R.H. Toward an integrated model of risk for binge eating disorder. J. Gend. Cult. Health 1997, 2, 1–32. [Google Scholar]
- Hatch, S.L.; Dohrenwend, B.P. Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, ses and age: A review of the research. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2007, 40, 313–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brody, G.H.; Chen, Y.F.; Murry, V.M.; Ge, X.; Simons, R.L.; Gibbons, F.X.; Gerrard, M.; Cutrona, C.E. Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Dev. 2006, 77, 1170–1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lambert, S.F.; Herman, K.C.; Bynum, M.S.; Ialongo, N.S. Perceptions of racism and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents: The role of perceived academic and social control. J. Youth Adolesc. 2009, 38, 519–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sue, D.W.; Capodilupo, C.M.; Torino, G.C.; Bucceri, J.M.; Holder, A.M.; Nadal, K.L.; Esquilin, M. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. Am. Psychol. 2007, 62, 271–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodell, L.P.; Wildes, J.E.; Cheng, Y.; Goldschmidt, A.B.; Keenan, K.; Hipwell, A.E.; Stepp, S.D. Associations between race and eating disorder symptom trajectories in black and white girls. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hilbert, A.; Hartmann, A.S.; Czaja, J.; Schoebi, D. Natural course of preadolescent loss of control eating. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2013, 122, 684–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- West, B.T. Analyzing longitudinal data with the linear mixed models procedure in SPSS. Eval. Health Prof. 2009, 32, 207–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reilly, J.J.; Methven, E.; McDowell, Z.C.; Hacking, B.; Alexander, D.; Stewart, L.; Kelnar, C.J. Health consequences of obesity. Arch. Dis. Child. 2003, 88, 748–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marques, L.; Alegria, M.; Becker, A.E.; Chen, C.N.; Fang, A.; Chosak, A.; Diniz, J.B. Comparative prevalence, correlates of impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across us ethnic groups: Implications for reducing ethnic disparities in health care access for eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2011, 44, 412–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, K.L.; Byrne, S.M.; Oddy, W.H.; Crosby, R.D. DSM–IV–TR and DSM-5 eating disorders in adolescents: Prevalence, stability, and psychosocial correlates in a population-based sample of male and female adolescents. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2013, 122, 720–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
IPT Group | HE Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 55) | 3-Year (n = 36) | Baseline (n = 58) | 3-Year (n = 32) | |
Age, years † | 14.18 (1.52) | 17.22 (1.59) | 14.80 (1.73) | 17.93 (1.80) |
Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
White | 52.7 | 53.1 | 60.4 | 58.3 |
Black | 25.4 | 25.0 | 22.4 | 19.4 |
More than one race | 7.3 | 9.4 | 6.9 | 8.3 |
Asian | 5.5 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 |
American Indian | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.8 |
Hispanic | 9.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 11.1 |
BMI, kg/m2 † | 26.86 (2.61) | 27.78 (3.90) | 27.08 (2.43) | 28.89 (4.24) |
Adiposity, kg † | 26.38 (5.81) | 27.74 (8.02) | 26.40 (6.00) | 28.68 (8.13) |
Socioeconomic Status † | 2.28 (0.94) | -- | 2.28 (0.94) | -- |
LOC-eating status, % present | 100 | 60 | 100 | 40 |
B (SE) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI for Odds Ratio | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Intercept | −0.66 (1.02) | 0.52 | -- | -- | 0.52 |
SES | −0.53 (0.37) | 0.59 | 0.29 | 1.22 | 0.15 |
Post-intervention LOC-eating status | 1.70 (0.75) | 5.46 | 1.26 | 23.69 | 0.02 |
Group | 0.01 (0.71) | 1.01 | 0.25 | 4.03 | 0.99 |
Race | 0.26 (0.79) | 1.29 | 0.28 | 6.03 | 0.75 |
Race by Group | 3.06 (1.49) | 21.23 | 1.15 | 390.74 | 0.04 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Burke, N.L.; Shomaker, L.B.; Brady, S.; Reynolds, J.C.; Young, J.F.; Wilfley, D.E.; Sbrocco, T.; Stephens, M.; Olsen, C.H.; Yanovski, J.A.; et al. Impact of Age and Race on Outcomes of a Program to Prevent Excess Weight Gain and Disordered Eating in Adolescent Girls. Nutrients 2017, 9, 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090947
Burke NL, Shomaker LB, Brady S, Reynolds JC, Young JF, Wilfley DE, Sbrocco T, Stephens M, Olsen CH, Yanovski JA, et al. Impact of Age and Race on Outcomes of a Program to Prevent Excess Weight Gain and Disordered Eating in Adolescent Girls. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):947. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090947
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurke, Natasha L., Lauren B. Shomaker, Sheila Brady, James C. Reynolds, Jami F. Young, Denise E. Wilfley, Tracy Sbrocco, Mark Stephens, Cara H. Olsen, Jack A. Yanovski, and et al. 2017. "Impact of Age and Race on Outcomes of a Program to Prevent Excess Weight Gain and Disordered Eating in Adolescent Girls" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090947