Vitamin D Nutritional Status and its Related Factors for Chinese Children and Adolescents in 2010–2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Ethics
2.2. Blood Sample and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Measurement
2.3. Criteria of Vitamin D Deficiency
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) | 25(OH)D 1 (nmol/L) | P Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 14,473 | 48.2 (35.4–63.4) | |
Gender | <0.0001 | ||
Male | 7288 (50.36) | 50.0 (36.5–65.7) | |
Female | 7185 (49.64) | 46.7 (34.4–60.9) | |
Age group | <0.0001 | ||
6–11 | 7037 (48.62) | 51.6 (38.1–67.3) | |
12–14 | 3928 (27.14) | 45.5 (33.3–60.4) | |
15–17 | 3508 (24.24) | 44.3 (33.3–585) | |
Region type | <0.0001 | ||
Large cities | 3188 (22.03) | 46.1 (34.4–61.0) | |
Small and medium-sized cities | 4514 (31.19) | 49.7 (36.8–65.0) | |
Ordinary rural area | 4015 (27.74) | 47.7 (33.6–63.7) | |
Poor rural areas | 2756 (19.04) | 49.6 (36.1–63.3) | |
Ethnicity | 0.5870 | ||
Han | 12,867 (88.90) | 48.1 (35.6–63.6) | |
Other | 1606(11.10) | 49.3 (36.0–62.6) | |
Latitude | 0.0015 | ||
North | 6778 (46.83) | 47.2 (34.8–62.4) | |
South | 7695 (53.17) | 49.1 (35.9–64.2) | |
Season | <0.0001 | ||
Spring | 1003 (6.93) | 44.1 (35.4–59.7) | |
Summer | 847 (5.85) | 57.1 (43.8–73.1) | |
Autumn | 7948 (54.92) | 49.6 (35.8–61.2) | |
Winter | 4675 (32.30) | 45.2 (26.5–59.1) | |
Ambient UVB 3 level (J/m2) | <0.0001 | ||
Low | 4742 (32.77) | 47.0 (34.3–60.1) | |
Medium | 5018 (34.67) | 46.8 (34.7–62.1) | |
High | 4713 (32.56) | 50.8 (37.4–65.9) | |
Outdoor time | <0.0001 | ||
Low than 30 min | 9865 (68.16) | 47.6 (34.9–62.9) | |
30~60 min | 2897 (20.02) | 48.9 (36.1–64.4) | |
More than 60 min | 1711 (11.82) | 49.9 (37.3–64.9) | |
BMI 4 | 0.0654 | ||
Normal | 12,022 (83.07) | 48.0 (35.2–63.5) | |
Overweight | 1476 (10.20) | 48.3 (35.4–61.9) | |
Obesity | 975 (6.73) | 49.6 (37.0–64.5) |
Variables | Male | Female | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sufficient | Deficient | P Value | Sufficient | Deficient | P Value | Sufficient | Deficient | P Value | ||||
≥50 | 25–50 | <25 | ≥50 | 25–50 | <25 | ≥50 | 25–50 | <25 | ||||
Total | 50.0 | 43.2 | 6.8 | 43.5 | 48.9 | 7.6 | 46.8 | 46.00 | 7.2 | |||
Age group | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
6–11 | 55.7 | 39.4 | 4.9 | 50.9 | 42.9 | 6.2 | 53.3 | 41.1 | 5.6 | |||
12–14 | 46.1 | 44.9 | 9.0 | 37.0 | 54.3 | 8.7 | 41.6 | 49.6 | 8.8 | |||
15–17 | 42.7 | 48.9 | 8.4 | 36.2 | 54.8 | 9.0 | 39.5 | 51.8 | 8.7 | |||
Region type | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Large cities | 44.9 | 46.4 | 8.7 | 38.9 | 50.9 | 10.2 | 41.9 | 48.7 | 9.4 | |||
Small and medium-sized cities | 52.1 | 43.5 | 4.4 | 46.2 | 48.8 | 5.0 | 49.2 | 46.1 | 4.7 | |||
Ordinary rural area | 49.1 | 41.1 | 9.8 | 43.1 | 46.7 | 10.2 | 46.1 | 43.9 | 10.0 | |||
Poor rural areas | 53.5 | 41.9 | 4.6 | 45.1 | 49.8 | 5.1 | 49.3 | 45.9 | 4.8 | |||
Ethnic group | 0.0187 | 0.1022 | 0.0123 | |||||||||
Han | 49.47 | 43.46 | 7.07 | 43.6 | 48.6 | 7.8 | 46.5 | 46.00 | 7.5 | |||
Other | 54.01 | 40.89 | 5.10 | 43.2 | 50.9 | 5.9 | 48.5 | 46.0 | 5.5 | |||
Latitude | <0.0001 | 0.0028 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
North | 48.3 | 45.9 | 5.8 | 42.1 | 50.9 | 7.0 | 45.2 | 48.4 | 6.4 | |||
South | 51.5 | 40.7 | 7.8 | 44.8 | 47.1 | 8.1 | 48.1 | 43.9 | 8.0 | |||
Season | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Spring | 45.6 | 49.3 | 5.1 | 35.0 | 59.1 | 5.9 | 40.4 | 54.1 | 5.5 | |||
Summer | 65.4 | 31.1 | 3.5 | 59.7 | 36.5 | 3.8 | 62.6 | 33.8 | 3.6 | |||
Autumn | 52.3 | 40.4 | 7.3 | 46.0 | 46.1 | 7.9 | 49.2 | 43.2 | 7.6 | |||
Winter | 44.1 | 48.9 | 7.0 | 38.2 | 53.6 | 8.2 | 41.2 | 51.2 | 7.6 | |||
Outdoor time | 0.0409 | 0.0398 | 0.0395 | |||||||||
Low than 30 min | 49.0 | 43.8 | 7.2 | 42.9 | 49.5 | 7.6 | 45.9 | 46.7 | 7.4 | |||
30~60 min | 52.3 | 41.4 | 6.3 | 43.3 | 48.9 | 7.8 | 47.9 | 45.1 | 7.0 | |||
More than 60 min | 51.7 | 42.4 | 5.9 | 47.5 | 45.1 | 7.4 | 49.6 | 43.8 | 6.6 | |||
Ambient UVB level (J/m2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Low | 47.6 | 46.3 | 6.1 | 41.7 | 50.4 | 7.9 | 44.7 | 48.3 | 7.0 | |||
Medium | 47.8 | 44.9 | 7.3 | 40.6 | 52.2 | 7.2 | 44.2 | 48.6 | 7.2 | |||
High | 54.6 | 38.1 | 7.3 | 48.4 | 44.0 | 7.6 | 51.5 | 41.0 | 7.5 | |||
BMI | 0.0126 | 0.8588 | 0.0892 | |||||||||
Normal | 50.0 | 43.0 | 7.0 | 43.5 | 48.8 | 7.7 | 46.7 | 45.9 | 7.4 | |||
Overweight | 47.9 | 44.2 | 7.9 | 44.4 | 49.0 | 6.6 | 46.3 | 46.4 | 7.3 | |||
Obesity | 52.3 | 44.0 | 3.7 | 42.8 | 49.7 | 7.5 | 48.9 | 46.0 | 5.1 |
Total (n = 14,473) | Male (n = 7288) | Female (n = 7185) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | P Value | PR | P Value | PR | P Value | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | ref | |||||
Female | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) | <0.0001 | ||||
Age group | ||||||
6–11 | ref | ref | ref | |||
12–14 | 1.61 (1.48–1.74) | <0.0001 | 1.47 (1.31–1.64) | <0.0001 | 1.77 (1.58–1.99) | <0.0001 |
15–17 | 1.72 (1.59–1.88) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.46–1.85) | <0.0001 | 1.83 (1.62–2.06) | <0.0001 |
Region type | ||||||
Small and medium-sized cities | ref | ref | ref | |||
Large cities | 1.37 (1.24–1.50) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | <0.0001 | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | <0.0001 |
Ordinary rural area | 1.34 (1.22–1.46) | <0.0001 | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.19–1.54) | <0.0001 |
Poor rural areas | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 0.4181 | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | 0.8521 | 1.08 (0.93–1.24) | 0.3318 |
Ethnic group | ||||||
Han | ref | ref | ref | |||
Other | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.9609 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.3312 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.3484 |
Latitude | ||||||
South | ref | ref | ref | |||
North | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 0.2958 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.5799 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 0.3396 |
Season | ||||||
Summer | ref | ref | ref | |||
Spring | 2.59 (2.13–3.15) | <0.0001 | 2.40 (1.82–3.16) | <0.0001 | 2.87 (2.17–3.80) | <0.0001 |
Autumn | 1.94 (1.66–2.25) | <0.0001 | 1.91 (1.54–2.37) | <0.0001 | 1.99 (1.610–2.47) | <0.0001 |
Winter | 2.82 (2.40–3.31) | <0.0001 | 2.75 (2.20–3.46) | <0.0001 | 2.94 (2.34–3.68) | <0.0001 |
Outdoor activity time | ||||||
>60 min | ref | ref | ref | |||
<30 min | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 0.4193 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.9205 | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 0.2229 |
30–60 min | 1.06 (0.93–1.19) | 0.3856 | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.6065 | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 0.0788 |
Ambient UVB Level | ||||||
High | ref | ref | ref | |||
Low | 1.59 (1.38–1.84) | <0.0001 | 1.55 (1.27–1.90) | <0.0001 | 1.64 (1.33–2.02) | <0.0001 |
Medium | 1.39 (1.27–1.53) | <0.0001 | 1.33 (1.17–1.52) | <0.0001 | 1.46 (1.28–1.67) | <0.0001 |
BMI | ||||||
Normal | ref | |||||
Overweight | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.8970 | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | 0.1621 | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.0980 |
Obesity | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.4787 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.2425 | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.2635 |
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Hu, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, R.; Li, M.; Yun, C.; Li, W.; Yang, Y.; Piao, J.; Yang, X.; Yang, L. Vitamin D Nutritional Status and its Related Factors for Chinese Children and Adolescents in 2010–2012. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091024
Hu Y, Chen J, Wang R, Li M, Yun C, Li W, Yang Y, Piao J, Yang X, Yang L. Vitamin D Nutritional Status and its Related Factors for Chinese Children and Adolescents in 2010–2012. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091024
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Yichun, Jing Chen, Rui Wang, Min Li, Chunfeng Yun, Weidong Li, Yanhua Yang, Jianhua Piao, Xiaoguang Yang, and Lichen Yang. 2017. "Vitamin D Nutritional Status and its Related Factors for Chinese Children and Adolescents in 2010–2012" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091024