The Gene-Lifestyle Interaction on Leptin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Population Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Lifestyle Analysis
2.4. Blood Collection and Biochemistry Analysis
2.5. Genetic Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurements | Total (n = 380) | AA (n = 54) | GA (n = 184) | GG (n = 142) | pAA + GA vs. GG * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.7 ± 11.1 (40.0) | 40.8 ± 10.9 (44.0) | 42.4 ± 9.8 (42.0) | 41.2 ± 12.8 (43.0) | 0.523 |
Anthropometric measurements | |||||
Body weight (kg) | 62.3 ± 13.8 (61.4) | 62.1 ± 14.4 (61.5) | 62.8 ± 13.8 (62.2) | 61.7 ± 13.7 (61.2) | 0.518 |
Height (cm) | 157.3 ± 9.4 (156.9) | 157.2 ± 8.7 (156.2) | 157.4 ± 9.9 (157.0) | 157.1 ± 9.2 (156.8) | 0.748 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 5.3 (24.6) | 25.2 ± 5.5 (25.5) | 25.3 ± 5.4 (24.6) | 25.0 ± 5.1 (24.5) | 0.724 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.0 ± 13.2 (85.5) | 86.1 ± 13.3 (88.4) | 86.7 ± 12.8 (84.8) | 87.6 ± 13.7 (86.0) | 0.469 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 94.3 ± 11.7 (94.0) | 94.1 ± 12.3 (94.8) | 94.5 ± 11.7 (93.8) | 94.2 ± 11.4 (93.8) | 0.853 |
Body fat (%) | 28.3 ± 8.8 (28.3) | 28.0 ± 8.6 (26.6) | 28.2 ± 8.6 (28.0) | 28.5 ± 9.1 (29.7) | 0.651 |
Plasma lipid profile | |||||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134.7 ± 68.6 (109.0) | 133.2 ± 72.2 (110.5) | 140.9 ± 77.4 (112.5) | 127.4 ± 53.3 (107.0) | 0.081 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.7 ± 44.4 (43.0) | 54.5 ± 59.8 (42.5) | 52.1 ± 51.3 (43.0) | 48.0 ± 23.1 (44.0) | 0.322 |
Plasma leptin (ng/mL) | 7.4 ± 8.8 (4.0) | 7.1 ± 9.4 (3.5) | 7.4 ± 9.2 (4.0) | 7.5 ± 8.1 (5.0) | 0.871 |
Dietary intake | |||||
Total energy (kcal) | 2043.5 ± 775.6 (1884.5) | 2060.1 ± 773.9 (1914.4) | 2005.8 ± 761.1 (1833.9) | 2086.2 ± 797.6 (2000.3) | 0.409 |
Protein (g) | 60.0 ± 29.3 (55.7) | 60.6 ± 25.2 (56.8) | 57.8 ± 27.3 (54.1) | 62.5 ± 33.1 (59.5) | 0.195 |
Fat (g) | 53.5 ± 29.7 (47.8) | 52.0 ± 25.6 (43.8) | 52.6 ± 31.4 (47.4) | 55.2 ± 28.9 (48.6) | 0.384 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 331.8 ± 131.8 (307.4) | 338.0 ± 128.6 (312.9) | 325.5 ± 129.2 (294.1) | 337.7 ± 136.7 (313.2) | 0.502 |
Physical activity (METS-minute) | 5517.2 ± 5666.4 (3689.0) | 5269.6 ± 6495.8 (3396.7) | 5825.3 ± 5682.6 (4133.8) | 5210.0 ± 5316.5 (3554.5) | 0.417 |
AA + GA (n = 238) | GG (n = 142) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |
Age | −0.021 | 0.742 | 0.071 | 0.400 |
Body weight | 0.415 | <0.0001 | 0.321 | <0.0001 |
Height | −0.302 | <0.0001 | −0.365 | <0.0001 |
Body mass index | 0.640 | <0.0001 | 0.567 | <0.0001 |
Waist circumference | 0.475 | <0.0001 | 0.497 | <0.0001 |
Hip circumference | 0.629 | <0.0001 | 0.503 | <0.0001 |
Body fat (%) | 0.709 | <0.0001 | 0.626 | <0.0001 |
Triglyceride | 0.002 | 0.974 | −0.087 | 0.303 |
HDL cholesterol | 0.150 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.822 |
AA + GA (n = 238) | GG (n = 142) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p a | p c | r | p a | p c | |
Energy intake | −0.324 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | −0.111 | 0.188 | 0.148 |
Protein intake | −0.268 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | −0.065 | 0.439 | 0.104 |
Fat intake | −0.186 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.450 | 0.779 |
Carbohydrate | −0.323 | <0.0001 | 0.031 | −0.158 | 0.060 | 0.140 |
Total physical activity | −0.005 | 0.942 | 0.101 | −0.045 | 0.599 | 0.528 |
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Luglio, H.F.; Sulistyoningrum, D.C.; Huriyati, E.; Lee, Y.Y.; Wan Muda, W.A.M. The Gene-Lifestyle Interaction on Leptin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Population Based Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070716
Luglio HF, Sulistyoningrum DC, Huriyati E, Lee YY, Wan Muda WAM. The Gene-Lifestyle Interaction on Leptin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Population Based Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):716. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070716
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuglio, Harry Freitag, Dian Caturini Sulistyoningrum, Emy Huriyati, Yi Yi Lee, and Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda. 2017. "The Gene-Lifestyle Interaction on Leptin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Population Based Study" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070716
APA StyleLuglio, H. F., Sulistyoningrum, D. C., Huriyati, E., Lee, Y. Y., & Wan Muda, W. A. M. (2017). The Gene-Lifestyle Interaction on Leptin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Population Based Study. Nutrients, 9(7), 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070716