Pre-Pregnancy Fast Food Consumption Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Tehranian Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Diagnosis of GDM
2.4. Assessment of Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Quartiles of Fast Food Consumption | p b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Participants (n) | 257 | 256 | 257 | 256 | |
Age (year) | 27.1 ± 4.5 | 26.6 ± 4.1 | 26.5 ± 4.1 | 26.8 ± 4.5 | 0.47 |
Physical activity (MET h-week) | 30.0 ± 2.9 | 31.2 ± 2.9 | 31.0 ± 2.9 | 29.1 ± 2.9 | 0.72 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.5 | 25.5 ± 4.8 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 6.2 | 0.01 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 35 (12.1) | 34 (17.9) | 39 (14.4) | 38 (12.1) | 0.91 |
First gestational weight (kg) | 66.3 ± 12.5 | 65.3 ± 12.3 | 65.6 ± 12.0 | 66.0 ± 11.5 | 0.81 |
Second gestational weight (kg) | 71.3 ± 12.2 | 70.4 ± 11.9 | 70.8 ± 11.9 | 70.8 ± 11.9 | 0.84 |
Third gestational weight (kg) | 76.5 ± 12.2 | 75.5 ± 12.2 | 75.5 ± 11.8 | 75.4 ± 11.3 | 0.70 |
Weight gain in second trimester pregnancy (kg) c | 5.0 ± 4.9 | 5.0 ± 3.3 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | 4.8 ± 3.7 | 0.67 |
Weight gain in third trimester pregnancy (kg) d | 10.2 ± 4.9 | 10.1 ± 4.7 | 9.8 ± 4.8 | 9.4 ± 5.6 | 0.27 |
History of GDM, n (%) | 7 (2.7) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0.05 |
Exposure to smoking (%) | 30 (11.7) | 38 (11.7) | 38 (14.8) | 29 (11.3) | 0.60 |
Dietary Intakes | Quartiles of Total Fast Food Consumption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | p | |
Hamburger (g/day) | 2.29 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 33.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Sausages (g/day) | 3.7 ± 6.1 | 12.8 ± 6.1 | 24.5 ± 6.1 | 74.7 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
Bologna (g/day) | 1.6 ± 2.1 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 42.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
French fries (g/week) | 10.6 ± 3.7 | 27.9 ± 3.7 | 42.3 ± 3.7 | 94.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Pizza(g/day) | 4.2 ± 3.5 | 12.3 ± 3.5 | 30.7 ± 3.5 | 95.7 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 2425 ± 51 | 2364 ± 51 | 2454 ± 51 | 2647 ± 51 | 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 55.0 ± 0.8 | 56.3 ± 0.8 | 58.5 ± 0.8 | 57.2 ± 0.8 | 0.01 |
Protein (% of total energy) | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
Fat (% of total energy) | 30.6 ± 0.5 | 31.2 ± 0.5 | 33.6 ± 0.5 | 34.0 ± 0.5 | 0.01 |
SFA (% of total energy) | 10.7 ± 0.2 | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 11.2 ± 0.2 | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
MUFA (% of total energy) | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 10.9 ± 0.2 | 11.3 ± 0.2 | 0.11 |
PUFA (% of total energy) | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 0.08 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 238 ± 9.8 | 229 ± 9.9 | 227 ± 9.8 | 263 ± 9.9 | 0.04 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 398 ± 14 | 406 ± 14 | 407 ± 14 | 417 ± 14 | 0.85 |
Fiber (mg/day) | 26.6 ± 1.0 | 27.2 ± 1.1 | 21.3 ± 1.0 | 21.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Vegetable (g/day) | 318 ± 11 | 325 ± 11 | 347 ± 11 | 312 ± 11 | 0.13 |
Fruit (g/day) | 339 ± 13 | 332 ± 13 | 297 ± 13 | 300 ± 13 | 0.05 |
Whole grain (g/day) | 97.7 ± 8.5 | 94.4 ± 8.5 | 94.9 ± 8.5 | 80.9 ± 8.5 | 0.04 |
Meat, poultry and fish (g/day) | 51.1 ± 2.9 | 45.9 ± 2.9 | 49.4 ± 2.9 | 55.2 ± 2.9 | 0.16 |
Legumes (g/day) | 19.2 ± 1.6 | 19.1 ± 1.6 | 21.8 ± 1.6 | 23.4 ± 1.6 | 0.21 |
Nuts (g/day) | 13.9 ± 1.2 | 12.8 ± 1.2 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | 15.2 ± 1.2 | 0.58 |
Dairy products (g/day) | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 10.1 ± 0.6 | 11.3 ± 0.6 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 0.51 |
Fast Food Items | Quartiles | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Total fast food | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 22.5 | 67.2 | 121.1 | 284.0 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | ≤42.6 | 42.7–92.0 | 92.1–175.0 | ≥175.1 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.34 (0.62–2.90) | 1.63 (0.77– 3.43) | 2.09 (1.10–4.28) | 0.03 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.30 (0.59–2.84) | 1.53 (0.71–3.28) | 2.12 (1.12–5.43) | 0.03 |
French fries | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 7.0 | 16.9 | 30.0 | 90.0 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | ≤7.0 | 7.0–29.9 | 29.9–60.0 | ≥60.1 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 2.01 ( 0.93–4.31) | 1.89 (0.88–4.02) | 2.32 (1.09–4.93) | 0.09 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.88 (0.86–4.08) | 1.80 (0.83–3.90) | 2.18 (1.05–4.70) | 0.12 |
Hamburger | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 0.0 | 2.4 | 15.2 | 37.8 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | 0.0 | 0.1–3.7 | 3.8–15.2 | ≥15.3 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.77 (0.40–1.50) | 0.54 (0.28–1.10) | 1.15 (0.59–2.25) | 0.65 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | 0.52 (0.26–1.03) | 1.13 (0.61–2.19) | 0.41 |
Bologna | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 0.0 | 4.6 | 9.3 | 35.0 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | ≤0.7 | 0.8–4.6 | 4.7–18.6 | ≥18.7 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.76 (0.40–1.43) | 0.38 (0.18–0.78) | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 0.08 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.41–1.57) | 0.38 (0.18–0.80) | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 0.11 |
Sausages | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 0.0 | 9.3 | 23.0 | 60.0 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | ≤2.3 | 2.4–14.0 | 14.1–28.0 | ≥28.1 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.82 (0.41–1.65) | 1.14 (0.53–2.43) | 1.72 (0.89–3.32) | 0.07 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.41–1.72) | 1.14 (0.52–2.49) | 1.70 (0.85–3.29) | 0.07 |
Pizza | |||||
Median intake (g/week) | 0.0 | 12.0 | 26.2 | 105 | |
Range of intake (g/week) | ≤2.2 | 2.3–13.1 | 13.2–39.4 | ≥39.5 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.62 (0.32–1.23) | 1.29 (0.6–2.66) | 1.24 (0.65–2.38) | 0.17 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.69 (0.35–1.37) | 1.27 (0.61–2.64) | 1.32 (0.68–2.57) | 0.16 |
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Lamyian, M.; Hosseinpour-Niazi, S.; Mirmiran, P.; Moghaddam Banaem, L.; Goshtasebi, A.; Azizi, F. Pre-Pregnancy Fast Food Consumption Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Tehranian Women. Nutrients 2017, 9, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030216
Lamyian M, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Moghaddam Banaem L, Goshtasebi A, Azizi F. Pre-Pregnancy Fast Food Consumption Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Tehranian Women. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030216
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamyian, Minoor, Somayeh Hosseinpour-Niazi, Parvin Mirmiran, Lida Moghaddam Banaem, Azita Goshtasebi, and Fereidoun Azizi. 2017. "Pre-Pregnancy Fast Food Consumption Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Tehranian Women" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030216