Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cerebrovascular Integrity in Neurodegeneration, Cognitive Decline and Dementia
2.1. Dysfunction of the Cerebrovascular Blood-Brain Barrier
2.2. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Cognitive Deficits and Dementia
3. Involvement of Oxidative Stress during Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier
4. Antioxidants, Cognitive Decline and Blood-Brain Barrier
4.1. Anti-Oxidative Vitamins
4.2. Other Natural Antioxidants
4.3. Lipid-Lowering Drugs with Anti-Oxidative Properties
4.4. Other Pharmacological Agents with Anti-Oxidative Effects
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antioxidants | Condition | Study Type/Model | Neuronal Measure(s) | Blood-Brain Barrier Measure(s) | Others | Reference No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin C&E | cerebral ischemia | mouse model | ↓ neuronal loss | ↑ claudin-5 | [54] | |
AD | mouse model (5XFAD) | ↓ amyloid plaques | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [51] | ||
BBB disruption | mouse model | N/A | ↑ occludin, claudin-5 | [52] | ||
stroke | rat model | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [53] | ||
hyperglycemia | HBMEC | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [55] | ||
Vitamin E | Phospholipid transfer protein deficient | mouse model | N/A | ↑ occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1 | [56] | |
healthy | rats under hyperthermic convulsion | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [57] | ||
healthy | rats with vitamin E deficient diet | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [58] | ||
Melatonin | hypobaric hypoxia | rats | ↑ cognitive function; ↓ neuronal loss, neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [61] | |
inflammation | rat brain microvascular endothelial cells | N/A | ↑ ZO-1 | [62] | ||
oxidative stress | bEnd.3 cells | N/A | ↑ claudin-5; ↓ cell death | [63] | ||
α-Lipoic acid | high-fat diet | mouse model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [64] | |
ischemic stroke | rat model | ↓ neurological deficit, neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [65] | ||
Aged garlic extract | high-fat diet | mouse model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [64] | |
Apocynin | BBB disruption | rat perfusion model | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | improved vascular tone | [66] |
BBB disruption | HBMEC | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | ↑ AMPK activation | [67] | |
BBB disruption | HBMEC | N/A | ↑ occludin, claudin-5 | ↑ AMPK activation | [68] | |
Baicalein | intracerebral hemorrhage | rat model | ↓ neurological deficit | ↑ ZO-1 | [69] | |
Caffein | Parkinson’s disease | mouse model | N/A | ↑ occludin, ZO-1 | [70] | |
AD | rabbit model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↑ occludin, ZO-1 | [71] | ||
Curcumin | subarachnoid hemorrhage | rat model | ↓ neurological deficit, neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [72] | |
cerebral ischemia | rat model | ↓ neurological deficit | ↓ BBB dysfunction | ↓ infarct volume | [73] | |
N/A | BMEC | N/A | ↓ platelet recruitment | [74] | ||
Pinocembrin | cerebral ischemia | rat model | ↓ neurological deficit | ↓ BBB dysfunction | ↓ brain edema | [75] |
cerebral ischemia | rat model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↑ occludin, ZO-1 | [76] | ||
Resveratrol | autoimmune encephalomyelitis | mouse model | ↓ neuroinflammation, oxidative stress | ↑ occludin, ZO-1, claudin-5; ↓ ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | [77] | |
BBB disruption | HBMEC | ↓ oxidative stress | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [78] | ||
AD | rat model | ↓ neuroinflammation, β-amyloid | ↑ claudin-5 | [79] | ||
cerebral ischemia | rat model | ↓ neuronal loss | ↓ BBB dysfunction | ↓ brain edema | [80] | |
high-fat diet | mouse model | ↓ neuronal loss | ↑ occludin, ZO-1 | [81] | ||
Tanshinone IIA | autoimmune encephalomyelititis | mouse model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↑ occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1 | [82] | |
hypoxia | HBMEC | N/A | ↑ ZO-1 | [83] | ||
cerebral ischemia | rat model | N/A | ↑ occludin, ZO-1; ↓ ICAM-1 | ↓ brain edema | [84] | |
Statin | AD | in vitro BBB model | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [85] | |
high-fat diet | mouse model | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [86] | ||
Probucol | high-fat diet | mouse model | ↓ neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [87,88] | |
Fenofibrate | BBB disruption | mouse model | ↓ neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [89] | |
BBB disruption | BMEC | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [90] | ||
Ibuprofen | high-fat diet | mouse model | N/A | ↓ BBB dysfunction | [86] |
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Lam, V.; Hackett, M.; Takechi, R. Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective. Nutrients 2016, 8, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120828
Lam V, Hackett M, Takechi R. Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective. Nutrients. 2016; 8(12):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120828
Chicago/Turabian StyleLam, Virginie, Mark Hackett, and Ryusuke Takechi. 2016. "Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective" Nutrients 8, no. 12: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120828