An Exploratory Investigation of Endotoxin Levels in Novice Long Distance Triathletes, and the Effects of a Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic, Antioxidant Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design and Procedures
2.3. Biochemical Assays
2.4. Nutritional Interventions and Diaries
2.5. Training Monitoring, GI Questionnaires and Assessment of Race Times
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Nutrition and Training Data
3.2. Endotoxin Unit (EU) Assessment
3.3. IgG Endotoxin-Core Antibody (Anti-EU) Assessment
3.4. Intestinal Permeability
3.5. GI Questionnaire
3.6. Race Times
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | LAB4ANTI | LAB4 | PL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution | (n = 10; 7 male, 3 female) | (n = 10; 9 male, 1 female) | (n = 10; 9 male, 1 female) | |||
Age (years) | 33 ± 2 | 35 ± 2 | 35 ± 3 | |||
Height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.34 | 1.79 ± 0.27 | 1.76 ± 0.16 | |||
Pre-screening | Baseline | Pre-screening | Baseline | Pre-screening | Baseline | |
Weight (kg) | 75.21 ± 4.12 | 73.61 ± 3.96 * | 83.77 ± 4.71 | 81.94 ± 4.44 * | 77.42 ± 3.03 | 74.56 ± 2.76 |
Body fat (%) | 22.56 ± 1.67 | 19.36 ± 2.23 * | 21.88 ± 1.68 | 20.93 ± 1.52 | 21.28 ± 2.38 | 18.64 ± 1.93 * |
VO2max (L·min−1) | 3.26 ± 0.20 | 3.57 ± 0.19 * | 3.78 ± 0.28 | 3.94 ± 0.27 | 3.30 ± 0.14 | 3.70 ± 0.10 * |
VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 42.90 ± 1.59 | 48.60 ± 1.80 * | 43.89 ± 1.75 | 47.56 ± 1.69 * | 43.40 ± 2.53 | 50.50 ± 1.71 * |
Variable | LAB4ANTI | LAB4 | PL |
---|---|---|---|
Energy intake (kcal·kg−1·day−1) | |||
T1 | 35.96 ± 2.16 | 33.13 ± 1.16 | 35.57 ± 2.88 |
T2 | 33.88 ± 2.06 | 33.03 ± 4.66 | 34.57 ± 2.98 |
T3 | 35.42 ± 2.57 | 35.76 ± 2.43 | 36.60 ± 2.85 |
Fat (g·kg−1·day−1) | |||
T1 | 1.45 ± 0.13 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | 1.24 ± 0.14 |
T2 | 1.37 ± 0.12 | 1.27 ± 0.21 | 1.19 ± 0.08 |
T3 | 1.52 ± 0.18 | 1.26 ± 0.12 | 1.47 ± 0.11 |
Carbohydrate (g·kg−1·day−1) | |||
T1 | 4.29 ± 0.33 | 3.80 ± 0.30 | 4.46 ± 0.47 |
T2 | 3.95 ± 0.43 | 3.90 ± 0.59 | 4.32 ± 0.58 |
T3 | 3.93 ± 0.39 | 4.36 ± 0.36 | 4.34 ± 0.57 |
Protein (g·kg−1·day−1) | |||
T1 | 1.51 ± 0.12 | 1.43 ± 0.14 | 1.81 ± 0.18 |
T2 | 1.56 ± 0.07 | 1.39 ± 0.17 | 1.70 ± 0.14 |
T3 | 1.57 ± 0.15 | 1.68 ± 0.28 | 1.67 ± 0.19 |
Variable | Target Range | LAB4ANTI | LAB4 | PL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly training load (AU) | ||||
T1 | 2173–2716 | 2410 ± 242 | 2851 ± 279 | 2807 ± 368 |
T2 | 2622–3278 | 3885 ± 558 # | 4311 ± 348 *# | 3915 ± 516 # |
T3 | 2231–2789 | 2232 ± 148 | 2768 ± 498 | 2263 ± 180 |
Training monotony (AU) | ||||
T1 | 1.07–1.33 | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 1.11 ± 0.08 |
T2 | 0.97–1.21 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.08 |
T3 | 1.27–1.58 | 0.90 ± 0.12 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.05 |
Training strain (AU) | ||||
T1 | 2951–3688 | 2755 ± 562 | 2945 ± 450 | 3224 ± 566 |
T2 | 3350–4187 | 3430 ± 620 | 4065 ± 381 *# | 3293 ± 552 |
T3 | 3352–4440 | 2281 ± 370 | 2681 ± 650 | 1946 ± 186 |
Variable | LAB4ANTI | LAB4 | PL |
---|---|---|---|
% recovery of lactulose | |||
Baseline | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.18 |
Pre-race | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.74 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.17 |
6 days Post-race | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.24 | 0.94 ± 0.12 * |
% recovery of mannitol | |||
Baseline | 29.99 ± 2.87 | 25.57 ± 2.22 | 30.61 ± 3.96 |
Pre-race | 23.31 ± 3.60 | 27.42 ± 3.33 | 23.51 ± 2.18 |
6 days Post-race | 22.42 ± 3.27 | 25.01 ± 1.89 | 23.48 ± 2.64 |
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Roberts, J.D.; Suckling, C.A.; Peedle, G.Y.; Murphy, J.A.; Dawkins, T.G.; Roberts, M.G. An Exploratory Investigation of Endotoxin Levels in Novice Long Distance Triathletes, and the Effects of a Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic, Antioxidant Intervention. Nutrients 2016, 8, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110733
Roberts JD, Suckling CA, Peedle GY, Murphy JA, Dawkins TG, Roberts MG. An Exploratory Investigation of Endotoxin Levels in Novice Long Distance Triathletes, and the Effects of a Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic, Antioxidant Intervention. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110733
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberts, Justin D., Craig A. Suckling, Georgia Y. Peedle, Joseph A. Murphy, Tony G. Dawkins, and Michael G. Roberts. 2016. "An Exploratory Investigation of Endotoxin Levels in Novice Long Distance Triathletes, and the Effects of a Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic, Antioxidant Intervention" Nutrients 8, no. 11: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110733