Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity
3.2. Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | srGS (n = 49) (6.2%) | Controls (n = 734) (93.5%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age ± sd (years) | 39 ± 15.1 | 47 ± 18.3 | - | 0.001 |
Sex (% female) | 79.6 | 58.3 | 2.8 (1.4–5.7) | <0.01 |
Education level (% high educated) | 49.0 | 39.3 | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | NS |
Region (% urban) | 75.5 | 55.7 | 2.5 (1.3–4.8) | <0.01 |
Rome III criteria for IBS (%) | 36.7 | 9.0 | 5.9 (3.1–11.1) | <0.001 |
Anxiety (%) | 16.3 | 3.1 | 6.0 (2.5–14.3) | <0.001 |
Depression (%) | 14.3 | 8.3 | 1.8 (0.8–4.3) | NS |
Bipolar disorder (%) | 2.0 | 0.4 | 5.1 (0.5–49.7) | NS |
Schizophrenia (%) | 0 | 0.1 | - | NS |
Thyroid disease (%) | 4.1 | 4.6 | 0.9 (0.2–3.8) | NS |
Diabetes mellitus (young age onset) (%) | 4.1 | 1.1 | 3.9 (0.8–18.7) | NS |
Anemia (%) | 16.3 | 6.1 | 3.0 (1.3–6.8) | 0.01 |
Chronic Fatigue (%) | 6.1 | 3.1 | 2.0 (0.6–7.0) | NS |
Fibromyalgia (%) | 0 | 1.2 | - | NS |
Chronic fatigue syndrome (%) | 2.0 | 0.8 | 2.5 (0.3–21.4) | NS |
Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 4.1 | 4.0 | 1.0 (0.2–4.5) | NS |
Chronic headache (%) | 12.2 | 3.3 | 4.1 (1.6–10.6) | <0.01 |
Nut allergy (%) | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 (0.1–9.0) | NS |
Egg allergy (%) | 0 | 0.5 | - | NS |
Lactose intolerance (%) | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 (0.2–12.0) | NS |
Inflammatory bowel disease (%) | 4.1 | 1.2 | 3.4 (0.7–16.3) | NS |
Gastro-intestinal reflux disease (%) | 18.4 | 7.8 | 2.7 (1.2–5.8) | <0.05 |
Psoriasis (%) | 4.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 (0.5–9.2) | NS |
Variables | srGS (n = 49) (6.2%) | Controls (n = 734) (93.5%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celiac disease in all relatives (%) | 8.2 | 2.5 | 3.4 (1.1–10.6) | <0.05 |
Celiac disease in children of srGS individuals (%) | 6.1 | 0.4 | 15.9 (3.1–80.3) | <0.01 |
Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 30.6 | 20.2 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | NS |
Diabetes mellitus (young age onset) (%) | 14.3 | 7.6 | 2.0 (0.9–4.7) | NS |
Thyroid disease (%) | 20.4 | 8.9 | 2.6 (1.3–5.5) | <0.05 |
Psoriasis (%) | 8.2 | 7.1 | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | NS |
Inflammatory bowel disease (%) | 6.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 (0.8–10.4) | NS |
Irritable bowel syndrome (%) | 26.5 | 6.7 | 5.0 (2.5–10.1) | <0.001 |
Variables | Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity (n = 49) (6.2%) | Controls (n = 734) (93.5%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Legume (%) | 24.5 | 2.7 | 11.6 (5.3–25.5) | <0.001 |
Cabbage (%) | 36.7 | 7.2 | 7.5 (3.9–14.2) | <0.001 |
Onion (%) | 38.8 | 10.2 | 5.6 (3.0–10.4) | <0.001 |
Leek (%) | 32.7 | 5.3 | 8.6 (4.4–17.0) | <0.001 |
Cauliflower (%) | 22.4 | 3.4 | 8.2 (3.8–17.9) | <0.001 |
Mushroom (%) | 12.2 | 2.3 | 5.9 (2.2–15.7) | <0.01 |
Apple (%) | 10.2 | 2.0 | 5.4 (1.9–15.7) | <0.01 |
Cherry (%) | 2.0 | 0.5 | 3.8 (0.4–34.7) | NS |
Sugar-free gum (%) | 12.2 | 2.7 | 5.0 (1.9–13.0) | <0.01 |
Plum (%) | 10.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 (1.2–9.2) | <0.05 |
Pear (%) | 8.2 | 1.8 | 4.9 (1.5–15.7) | <0.05 |
Mango (%) | 2.0 | 0.4 | 5.1 (0.5–49.7) | NS |
Watermelon (%) | 4.1 | 0.3 | 15.6 (2.1–113.0) | <0.05 |
Milk (%) | 20.4 | 4.6 | 5.3 (2.4–11.5) | <0.001 |
Buttermilk (%) | 8.2 | 2.0 | 4.3 (1.4–13.4) | <0.05 |
Yogurt (%) | 14.3 | 3.3 | 4.9 (2.0–12.1) | <0.01 |
Custard (%) | 18.4 | 1.8 | 12.5 (5.0–30.9) | <0.001 |
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Van Gils, T.; Nijeboer, P.; IJssennagger, C.E.; Sanders, D.S.; Mulder, C.J.J.; Bouma, G. Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands. Nutrients 2016, 8, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110714
Van Gils T, Nijeboer P, IJssennagger CE, Sanders DS, Mulder CJJ, Bouma G. Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110714
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Gils, Tom, Petula Nijeboer, Catharina E. IJssennagger, David S. Sanders, Chris J. J. Mulder, and Gerd Bouma. 2016. "Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands" Nutrients 8, no. 11: 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110714
APA StyleVan Gils, T., Nijeboer, P., IJssennagger, C. E., Sanders, D. S., Mulder, C. J. J., & Bouma, G. (2016). Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands. Nutrients, 8(11), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110714