Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right!
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Food Components of a Quality Diet and Health Benefits
3. Plant Foods for the Promotion of Health and Prevention of Chronic Diseases
4. The Health Benefits of Plant Foods: A Lesson from the Greeks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 8th ed.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 2015; Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/ (accessed on 7 May 2016).
- World Health Organization. Ending Childhood Obesity. 2016. Available online: http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/final-report/en/ (accessed on 7 May 2016).
- Uusitupa, M.; Lindi, V.; Louheranta, A.; Salopuro, T.; Lindström, J.; Tuomilehto, J. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Long-term improvement in insulin sensitivity by changing lifestyles of people with impaired glucose intolerance: 4-Year results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes 2003, 52, 2532–2538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anderson, J.J.B.; Sparling, M.C. The Mediterranean Way of Eating: Evidence for Chronic Disease Prevention and Weight Management; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia, M.; Bihuniak, J.D.; Shook, J.; Kenny, A.; Kerstetter, J.; Huedo-Medina, T.B. The effect of the traditional Mediterranean-style diet on the metabolic risk factors: A meta-analysis. Nutrients 2016, 8, 168–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Padayatty, S.J.; Levine, M. Fruits and vegetables: Think variety, go ahead, eat! Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 5–7. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lara, J.; Turbett, E.; Mckevic, A.; Rudgard, K.; Hearth, H.; Mathers, J.C. The Mediterranean diet among British older adults: Its understanding, acceptability and the feasibility of a randomised brief intervention with two levels of dietary advice. Maturitas 2015, 82, 387–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-González, M.A.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Estruch, R.; Corella, D.; Fitó, M.; Ros, E. Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Insights from the PREDIMED Study. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2015, 58, 50–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Estruch, R.; Ros, E.; Salas-Salvado, J.; Covas, M.I.; Corella, D.; Arós, F.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V.; Fiol, M.; Lapetra, J.; et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 1279–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trichopoulou, A.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Tong, T.Y.; Forouhi, N.G.; Khandelwal, S.; Prabhakaran, D.; Mozaffarian, D.; de Lorgeril, M. Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Views from experts around the world. BMC Med. 2014, 12, 112–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-González, M.Á.; Toledo, E.; Arós, F.; Fiol, M.; Corella, D.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Ros, E.; Covas, M.I.; Fernández-Crehuet, J.; Lapetra, J.; et al. Extravirgin olive oil consumption reduces risk of atrial fibrillation: The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial. Circulation 2014, 130, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toledo, E.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Donat-Vargas, C.; Buil-Cosiales, P.; Estruch, R.; Ros, E.; Corella, D.; Fitó, M.; Hu, F.B.; Arós, F.; et al. Mediterranean Diet and invasive breast cancer risk among women at high cardiovascular risk in the PREDIMED Trial: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 2015, 175, 1752–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salas-Salvadó, J.; Bulló, M.; Estruch, R.; Ros, E.; Covas, M.I.; Ibarrola-Jurado, N.; Corella, D.; Arós, F.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V.; et al. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: A subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2014, 160, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orlich, M.J.; Singh, P.N.; Sabate, J.; Jaceldo-Siegl, K.; Fan, J.; Knutsen, S.; Beeson, W.L.; Fraser, G.E. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern. Med. 2013, 173, 1230–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoy, M.K.; Goldman, J.D.; Sebastian, R.S. Fruit and vegetable intake of US adults estimated by two methods: What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2012. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 31, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.J.; Gan, R.Y.; Li, S.; Zhou, Y.; Li, A.N.; Xu, D.P.; Li, H.B. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules 2015, 20, 21138–21156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhagwat, S.; Haytowitz, D.B.; Holden, J.M. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1. Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav.
- Rothwell, J.A.; Perez-Jimenez, J.; Neveu, V.; Medina-Remón, A.; M’hiri, N.; García-Lobato, P.; Manach, C.; Knox, C.; Eisner, R.; Wishart, D.S.; et al. Phenol-Explorer 3.0: A major update of the phenol-explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database (Oxf.) 2013, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lees, H.J.; Swann, J.R.; Wilson, I.D.; Nicholson, J.K.; Holmes, E. Hippurate: The natural history of a mammalian-micobial cometabolite. J. Proteome Res. 2013, 12, 1527–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, M.; Shukitt-Hale, B. Berry fruit enhances beneficial signaling in the brain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 5709–5715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klinder, A.; Shen, Q.; Heppel, S.; Lovegrove, J.A.; Rowland, I.; Tuohy, K.M. Impact of increasing fruit and vegetables and flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiota. Food Funct. 2016, 20, 1788–1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heiman, M.L.; Greenway, F.L. A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity. Mol. Metab. 2016, 5, 317–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Joseph, S.V.; Edirisinghe, I.; Burton-Freeman, B.M. Fruit polyphenols: A review of anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016, 56, 419–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Annuzzi, G.; Bozzetto, L.; Costabile, G.; Giacco, R.; Mangione, A.; Anniballi, G.; Vitale, M.; Vetrani, C.; Cipriano, P.; Della Corte, G.; et al. Diets naturally rich in polyphenols improve fasting and postprandial dyslipidemia and reduce oxidative stress: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cassidy, A.; Rogers, G.; Peterson, J.J.; Dwyer, J.T.; Lin, H.; Jacques, P.F. Higher dietary anthocyanin and flavonol intakes are associated with anti-inflammatory effects in a population of US adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 102, 172–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bertoia, M.L.; Rimm, E.B.; Mukamal, K.J.; Hu, F.B.; Willett, W.C.; Cassidy, A. Dietary flavonoid intake and weight maintenance: Three prospective cohorts of 124,086 US men and women followed for up to 24 years. BMJ 2016, 352, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Ivey, K.L.; Hodgson, J.M.; Croft, K.D.; Lewis, J.R.; Prince, R.L. Flavonoid intake and all-cause mortality. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 1012–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zamora-Ros, R.; Rabassa, M.; Cherubini, A.; Urpí-Sardà, M.; Bandinelli, S.; Ferrucci, L.; Andres-Lacueva, C. High concentrations of a urinary biomarker of polyphenol intake are associated with decreased mortality in older adults. J. Nutr. 2013, 143, 1445–1450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Ferrars, R.M.; Czank, C.; Zhang, Q.; Botting, N.P.; Kroon, P.A.; Cassidy, A.; Kay, C.D. The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2014, 171, 3268–3282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Czank, C.; Cassidy, A.; Zhang, Q.; Morrison, D.J.; Preston, T.; Kroon, P.A.; Botting, N.P.; Kay, C.D. Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyaniding-3-glucoside: A 13C-tracer study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 97, 995–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Williamson, G.; Clifford, M.N. Colonic metabolites of berry polyphenols: The missing link to biological activity? Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104, S48–S66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edmands, W.M.; Ferrari, P.; Rothwell, J.A.; Rinaldi, S.; Slimani, N.; Barupal, D.K.; Biessy, C.; Jenab, M.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Fagherazzi, G.; et al. Polyphenol metabolome in human urine and its association with intake of polyphenol-rich foods across European countries. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 102, 905–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larrosa, M.; Luceri, C.; Vivoli, E.; Pagliuca, C.; Lodovici, M.; Moneti, G.; Dolara, P. Polyphenol metabolites from colonic microbiota exert anti-inflammatory activity on different inflammation models. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53, 1044–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanchez-Patan, F.; Monagas, M.; Moreno-Arribas, M.V.; Bartolome, B. Determination of microbial phenolic acids in human feces by UPLC-ESI-TQ MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 2241–2247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pero, R.W. Health consequences of catabolic synthesis of hippuric acid in humans. Curr. Clin. Phamacol. 2010, 5, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.-R.; Lazarenko, O.P.; Zhang, P.; Blackburn, M.L.; Ronis, M.J.; Badger, T.M. Diet-derived phenolic acids regulate osteoblast and adipocyte lineage commitment and differentiation in young mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014, 29, 1043–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, X.; Anderson, J.J.B. Diet and the bone marrow niche for stem cell recruitment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014, 29, 1041–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krupp, D.; Doberstein, N.; Shi, L.; Remer, T. Hippuric acid in 24-h urine collections is a potential marker for fruit and vegetable consumption in healthy children and adolescents. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1314–1320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solanki, I.; Parihar, P.; Mansuri, M.L.; Parihar, M.S. Flavonoid-based therapies in the early management of neurodegenerative diseases. Adv. Nutr. 2015, 6, 64–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tresserra-Rimbau, A.; Guasch-Ferré, M.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Toledo, E.; Corella, D.; Castañer, O.; Guo, X.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Lapetra, J.; Arós, F.; et al. Intake of total polyphenols and some classes of polyphenols is inversely associated with diabetes in elderly people at high cardiovascular disease risk. J. Nutr. 2016, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, X.; Ouyang, Y.Y.; Liu, J.; Zhao, G. Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lajous, M.; Rossignol, E.; Fagherazzi, G.; Perquier, F.; Scalbert, A.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C. Flavonoid intake and incident hypertension in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 103, 1091–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Samieri, C.; Sun, Q.; Townsend, M.K.; Rimm, E.B.; Grodstein, F. Dietary flavonoid intake at midlife and healthy aging in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 1489–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sebastian, R.S.; Wilkinson Enns, C.; Goldman, J.D.; Martin, C.L.; Steinfeldt, L.C.; Murayi, T.; Moshfegh, A.J. A new database facilitates characterization of flavonoid intake, sources, and positive associations with diet quality among US adults. J. Nutr. 2015, 145, 1239–1248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zamora-Ros, R.I.; Knaze, V.; Luján-Barroso, L.; Romieu, I.; Scalbert, A.; Slimani, N.; Hjartåker, A.; Engeset, D.; Skeie, G.; Overvad, K.; et al. Differences in dietary intakes, food sources and determinants of total flavonoids between Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 109, 1498–1507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Foods and Fluids | Consumption Level |
---|---|
Meats and sweet desserts—1 to 2 days a week | Low |
Yogurt, low-fat cheese, poultry, and eggs—5 to 7 days a week | Moderate |
Fish and seafood—5 to 7 days a week | Moderate |
Nuts and seeds—every day | Moderate |
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes—every day | High |
Olives and olive oil—every day | High |
Herbs, spices, and garlic | High |
Wine—2 servings/day (M) or 1 per day (F) | Moderate |
Water | High |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Anderson, J.J.B.; Nieman, D.C. Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right! Nutrients 2016, 8, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100636
Anderson JJB, Nieman DC. Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right! Nutrients. 2016; 8(10):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100636
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnderson, John J. B., and David C. Nieman. 2016. "Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right!" Nutrients 8, no. 10: 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100636