The Effect of Changing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations on Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis of Participants of a Preventive Health Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements for Serum 25(OH)D and Other Biomarkers
2.3. Metabolic Syndrome Determination
2.4. Assessment for Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Baseline | Follow Up | |
---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | ||
Mean (SD) | 89 (42) | 121 (46) |
Median (IQR) | 82 (61–108) | 115 (89–147) |
Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 1172 (18) | 1393 (21) |
Metabolic syndrome components, n (%) | ||
Elevated waist circumference | 2469 (37) | 2433 (36) |
Elevated blood pressure | 2442 (37) | 2367 (35) |
Elevated triglycerides | 1290 (19) | 1460 (22) |
Elevated fasting glucose | 1149 (17) | 1417 (21) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1160 (17) | 1482 (22) |
Women, n (%) | 3526 (53) | 3526 (53) |
Age, mean (SD) | 51 (15) | 52 (15) |
Season, n (%) | ||
Summer | 1235 (19) | 954 (14) |
Fall | 1015 (15) | 966 (15) |
Winter | 2665 (40) | 2753 (41) |
Spring | 1767 (26) | 2009 (30) |
Tobacco smoking status, n (%) a | ||
Never smoker | 2680 (56) | 1964 (57) |
Quit smoker | 1505 (31) | 1021 (30) |
Current smoker | 605 (13) | 458 (13) |
Missing | 1892 | 3239 |
Alcohol drinking status, n (%) a | ||
Non-drinker | 1744 (38) | 1891 (40) |
Drinker | 2850 (62) | 2857 (60) |
Missing | 2088 | 1934 |
Physical activity, n (%) a | ||
Low | 1932 (40) | 1806 (37) |
Moderate | 1471 (31) | 1549 (31) |
High | 1418 (29) | 1586 (32) |
Missing | 1861 | 1741 |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# visits | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Baseline 25(OHD), nmol/L | |||||
<50 | 1556 | Reference | Reference | ||
50–<75 | 2775 | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.17 | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.06 |
75–<100 | 2535 | 0.54 (0.45–0.65) | <0.01 | 0.51 (0.40–0.64) | <0.01 |
100–<125 | 1609 | 0.39 (0.31–0.49) | <0.01 | 0.40 (0.30–0.53) | <0.01 |
≥125 | 1544 | 0.32 (0.25–0.40) | <0.01 | 0.27 (0.20–0.36) | <0.01 |
Changes in 25(OH)D during follow up compared with baseline, nmol/L | |||||
No improvement | 1980 | Reference | Reference | ||
Increase of <25 | 3087 | 1.27 (1.08–1.50) | <0.01 | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) | 0.01 |
Increase of 25–<50 | 1994 | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) | 0.02 | 0.64 (0.52–0.80) | <0.01 |
Increase of 50–<75 | 1069 | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 0.06 | 0.59 (0.46–0.77) | <0.01 |
Increase of ≥75 | 1889 | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 0.02 | 0.56 (0.44–0.70) | <0.01 |
Baseline metabolic syndrome | 10019 | 19.7 (17.0–22.8) | <0.01 | 16.7 (14.3–19.4) | <0.01 |
Men vs. women | 10019 | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | <0.01 | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | <0.01 |
Age at baseline | 10019 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | <0.01 | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | <0.01 |
Season at baseline | |||||
Summer | 1717 | Reference | Reference | ||
Fall | 1422 | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 0.29 | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.31 |
Winter | 4244 | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 0.05 | 0.98 (0.79–1.20) | 0.83 |
Spring | 2636 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.91 | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | 0.12 |
Season at follow up | |||||
Summer | 1707 | Reference | Reference | ||
Fall | 1530 | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.69 | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.77 |
Winter | 3554 | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.95 | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 0.64 |
Spring | 3228 | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.42 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.42 |
Tobacco smoking status b | |||||
Never smoker | 2742 | Reference | Reference | ||
Quit smoker | 1402 | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) | <0.01 | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 0.48 |
Current smoker | 684 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 0.12 | 0.80 (0.61–1.07) | 0.13 |
Alcohol drinking status b | |||||
Non-drinker | 2569 | Reference | Reference | ||
Drinker | 4496 | 0.67 (0.59–0.76) | <0.01 | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) | <0.01 |
Physical activity b at baseline | |||||
Low | 2629 | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderate | 2004 | 0.60 (0.51–0.70) | <0.01 | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 0.02 |
High | 1917 | 0.35 (0.29–0.43) | <0.01 | 0.57 (0.45–0.71) | <0.01 |
Physical activity change b during follow up | |||||
No improvement | 2437 | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderate improvement | 1588 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.28 | 0.93 (0.75–1.14) | 0.46 |
High improvement | 920 | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.29 | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.14 |
Participants without Metabolic Syndrome at Baseline (n = 5510) | Participants without Metabolic Syndrome and Naïve to Vitamin D Supplementation at Baseline (n = 1930) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# visits | OR (95% CI) a | p | # visits | OR (95% CI) a | p | |
Baseline 25(OHD), nmol/L | ||||||
<50 | 1140 | Reference | 459 | Reference | ||
50–<75 | 2144 | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | 0.06 | 910 | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.32 |
75–<100 | 2159 | 0.49 (0.37–0.64) | <0.01 | 694 | 0.59 (0.38–0.91) | 0.02 |
100–<125 | 1447 | 0.37 (0.27–0.52) | <0.01 | 287 | 0.57 (0.32–1.03) | 0.06 |
≥125 | 1375 | 0.24 (0.16–0.34) | <0.01 | 205 | 0.17 (0.07–0.43) | <0.01 |
Changes in 25(OH)D during follow up compared with baseline, nmol/L | ||||||
No improvement | 1680 | Reference | 421 | Reference | ||
Increase of <25 | 2506 | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.04 | 661 | 0.63 (0.39–1.00) | 0.05 |
Increase of 25–<50 | 1644 | 0.62 (0.47–0.81) | <0.01 | 518 | 0.73 (0.46–1.17) | 0.19 |
Increase of 50–<75 | 884 | 0.51 (0.37–0.71) | <0.01 | 339 | 0.56 (0.32–0.96) | 0.03 |
Increase of ≥75 | 1551 | 0.60 (0.45–0.79) | <0.01 | 616 | 0.58 (0.36–0.93) | 0.02 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pham, T.-M.; Ekwaru, J.P.; Setayeshgar, S.; Veugelers, P.J. The Effect of Changing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations on Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis of Participants of a Preventive Health Program. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7271-7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095338
Pham T-M, Ekwaru JP, Setayeshgar S, Veugelers PJ. The Effect of Changing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations on Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis of Participants of a Preventive Health Program. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7271-7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095338
Chicago/Turabian StylePham, Truong-Minh, John Paul Ekwaru, Solmaz Setayeshgar, and Paul J. Veugelers. 2015. "The Effect of Changing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations on Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Analysis of Participants of a Preventive Health Program" Nutrients 7, no. 9: 7271-7284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095338