Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study 1: Amino Acid and Biogenic Amine Profiles Change in IFG Individuals during 120 min OGTT
Parameter | Control (n = 50) | IFG (n = 50) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (femeal/male) | 16/14 | 15/15 | 0.82 |
Age (years) | 44.86 ± 9.48 | 45.86 ± 10.55 | 0.16 |
Smoker/non-smoker | 12/18 | 13/17 | 0.67 |
Protein (g/day) | 80.34 ± 12.23 | 81.21 ± 11.13 | 0.56 |
Fat (g/day) | 71.45 ± 21.27 | 72.10 ± 22.09 | 0.39 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 324.01 ± 108.17 | 325.07 ± 109.21 | 0.68 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.24 ± 1.66 | 24.61 ± 5.30 | <0.001 |
TC (mmmoL/L) | 4.16 ± 0.51 | 4.59 ± 1.24 | <0.001 |
TG (mmmoL/L) | 0.90 ± 0.32 | 1.59 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mmmoL/L) | 4.03 ± 0.47 | 5.69 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
2 h-glucose (mmmoL/L) | 4.67 ± 0.99 | 6.13 ± 1.14 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 112.70 ± 6.43 | 136.62 ± 15.40 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.07 ± 6.02 | 80.16 ± 9.44 | <0.001 |
HAc1 (%) | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 0.008 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 6.07 ± 2.12 | 7.19 ± 2.42 | 0.02 |
2 h-insulin (mU/L) | 8.55 ± 2.08 | 23.45 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
HOMR-IR | 1.09 ± 0.46 | 1.90 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
2.2. Study 2: Postprandial Amino Acid and Biogenic Amine Profiles after Three Test Loads in IFG Individuals
2.3. Biochemical Measurements
2.4. Serum Preparation
2.5. UPLC-TQ-MS Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study 1: The Amino Acid and Biogenic Amine Profiles Change in the Control and IFG Participants during 120 min OGTT
3.2. Study 2: The Postprandial Amino Acid and Biogenic Amine Profiles after Three Test Loads in the IFG Group
3.2.1. Glucose and Insulin Profiles after Three Test Loads
3.2.2. The Postprandial Amino Acid and Biogenic Amine Profiles after Three Test Loads
3.2.3. Correlation between Postprandial Metabolites, Glucose and Insulin Following Different Loads
Metabolites | GL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting Glucose | 2 h-glucose | Fasting Insulin | 2 h-Insulin | |
Leucine | −0.647 (0.024) | |||
Valine | ||||
Histidine | −0.604 (0.029) | |||
Alanine | −0.600 (0.048) | |||
Lysine | −0.587 (0.034) | |||
γ-aminobutyric acid | 0.621 (0.023) | 0.551 (0.040) | ||
HB | ||||
Fasting glucose | 2 h-glucose | Fasting insulin | 2 h-insulin | |
Leucine | −0.774 (0.023) | |||
Valine | ||||
Histidine | −0.637 (0.045) | |||
Alanine | −0.607 (0.041) | |||
Lysine | −0.548 (0.042) | |||
γ-aminobutyric acid | 0.614 (0.038) | 0.514 (0.044) | ||
WR | ||||
Fasting glucose | 2 h-glucose | Fasting insulin | 2 h-insulin | |
Leucine | −0.627 (0.038) | |||
Valine | ||||
Histidine | 0.691 (0.018) | −0.621 (0.029) | ||
Alanine | −0.761 (0.006) | |||
Lysine | −0.568 (0.042) | |||
γ-aminobutyric acid | −0.572 (0.041) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgment
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, L.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Sun, C. Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5556-5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075238
Liu L, Wang X, Li Y, Sun C. Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5556-5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075238
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Liyan, Xinyang Wang, Ying Li, and Changhao Sun. 2015. "Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5556-5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075238